HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF THE Museum of Comparative Zoology [kos. c t.....a.,ir OCT la 1927 MEMOIRS OF THE MUSEUM (»F COMPARATIVE ZOOLOOY AT HARVARD COLLEGE. VOL. XLVIII. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. lPiiute& for tbe /HMiseum. 1919. MEMOIRS OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE. VOL. XLVIII. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. lPrinte& for tbe /IDuseum. 1919. O, The Cosmos Press: Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. /iDemotrs of tbe /IDuseum of Comparattve Zoolog? AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Vol. XLVIII. REPORTS ON AN EXPLORATION OFF THE WEST COASTS OF MEXICO, CEN- TRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA, AND OFF THE GAL.iPAGOS ISL.ANDS, IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, BY THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION STEA]\IER "ALBATROSS," DURING 1891, LIEUT.-COMISIANDER Z. L. TANNER, U. S. N., COMMANDING. XXXVIII. REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE TROPICAL PACIFIC, IN CHARGE OF ALEX.\NDER AGASSIZ, BY THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION STEAMER "ALBATROSS," FROM AUGUST, 1899, TO MARCH, 1900, COMMANDER .JEFFERSON F. MOSER, U. S. N., COMMANDING. XX. REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE EAST- ERN TROPICAL PACIFIC, IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, BY THE U. S. FISH COMIMISSION STEAMER "ALBATROSS," FROM OCTOBER, 1904, TO MARCH, 1905, LIEUT.-COMMANDER L. M. GARRETT, U. S. N., COM- MANDING. XXXL THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. By RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN. WITH EIGHTY PLATES. TEXT. [Published by permission of Hugh M. Smith, U. S. Cominissioner of Fish and Fisheries]. CAMBRIDGE, U. S. A.: prtnteC) for tbe /Cuseum. JCLY, 1919. CONTENTS. REPORTS on an Exploration off the West Coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross," during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., Commanding. XXXVIII. Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedi- tion to the Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Com- mission Steamer "Albatross," from August, 1899, to March, 1900, Commander Jeffer- son F. MosER, U. S. N., Commanding. XX. Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alex.\nder Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer " Albatross," from October, 1904, to March, 1903, Lieut.-Commander L. M. Garrett, U. S. N., Commanding. XXXI. The Annelida Polych.\eta. By Ralph V. Chamberlin. 514 pp. 80 plates. July, 1919. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Introduction 13 Lists of Species 14 Expedition of 1890-1891 ... 14 Expedition of 1899-1900 ... 14 Expedition of 1904-1905 ... 15 Atlantic Expeditions, 1884-1887 . 16 Bathymetrical Distribution .... 16 Littoral Zone, 0-50 fms. ... 16 Continental Zone, 50-500 fms. . 16 Abyssal Zone, below 500 fms. . 16 Pelagic Zone IS Classification 18 Key to the Families 19 Amphinomidae 23 Key to Genera 25 Synonymy of Genera 25 Notopygos Grube 25 N. maculata (Kinberg) 26 Hermodice Kinberg 26 H. striata Kinberg 26 Amphinome Bruguiere 26 A. vagans (Savigny) 27 Eurj'thoe Kinberg 27 E. complanata (Pallas) 28 Chloeia Savigny 30 C. entypa, sp. nov 31 Euphrosynidae 32 Key to Genera 32 Euphrosyne Savigny 32 E. panamica, sp. nov 33 Polynoidae 35 Key to Genera 37 Synonymy of Genera 40 Plotolepis, gen nov 40 P. nans, sp. nov 41 Podarmus, gen. nov 45 P. ploa, sp. nov 46 Harmopsides, gen. nov 48 natans, sp. nov 48 Harmothoe Kinberg 51 Page H. hirsuta Johnson 51 H. mexicana, sp. nov. 54 Eunoe Malmgren . . . 58 E. eura, sp. nov. . . . 58 Lepidasthenia Malmgren 61 Key to Species . . 61 L. curta, sp. nov. 61 Iphione Kinberg . 64 L ovata Kinberg . 64 Admetella Mcintosh 64 A. hastigerens, sp. nov. 64 A. dolichopus, sp. nov. . 67 Polynoe Savigny . . . 70 P. innatans, sp. nov. 70 P. nesiotes, sp. nov. . . 72 Lepidonotus Leach 74 L. johnstoni Kinberg 74 L. nesophilus, sp. nov. . 75 Aphroditidae 78 Key to Genera . . . 79 Aphrodita Linne . . . 79 A. defendens, sp. nov. . 80 Laetmonice Kinberg 81 L. wyvillei Mcintosh 82 L. benthaliana Mcintosh 82 L. sp 83 Pontogenia Claparede . 83 P. curva, sp. nov. . . 83 Acoetidae 85 Key to Genera . . . 85 Synonymy of Genera 86 Panthalis Kinberg . . 86 P. panamensis, sp. nov. 86 Sigalionidae 89 Key to Genera . . . 89 Synonymy of Genera 90 Sthenolepis Willey . . 90 S. areolata (Mcintosh) . 90 Sigalion Cuvier . . . . 91 S. pourtalesi Ehlers . . . 91 8 CONTENTS. Page Polylepididae 91 Key to Genera 91 Synonymy of Genera 91 Palmyridae 92 Key to Genera 92 Chrysopetalidae 92 Key to Genera ....... 92 Nepthydidae 92 Nepthys Cuvier 93 N. ectopa, sp. nov 94 N. sp 97 Phyllodocidae 97 Key to the Snbt'amilies and Genera . 99 Synonymy of Genera 101 Anaitides Czerniawsky 102 Key to Species 102 A. lamellifera (Pallas) 10.3 A. patagonica (Kinberg) . . .' . 104 A. compsa, sp. nov 10.5 Phj-llodoce Savigny 108 P. fakaravana, sp. nov 108 P. medipapillata Moore . . . . Ill P. sp. a HI P. sp. b 112 P. sp. c 113 Lopadorrhynchus Grube . . . . 113 Key to Species 1 14 L. parvum, sp. nov 114 L. nans, sp. nov 116 Mastigethus, gen. nov 119 M. errans, sp. nov 120 Pelagobia Greeff 122 Key to Species 122 P. viguieri Gravier 122 Nans, gen. nov 125 N. simplex, sp. nov 125 Pontodoridae 127 lospilidae 127 Key to Genera 128 Lacydoniidae 128 Otopsidae . 128 Pisionidae 128 Key to Genera 128 Alciopidae 129 Key to Genera 130 Alciopa Audouin & Milne Edwards . 130 A. cantrainii (Delle Chiaji) . . . 130 Torea Quatrefages 131 T. pelagica, sp. nov 131 Page Vanadis Claparede . 133 Key to Species 133 V. formosa Claparede .... . 134 Mauita, gen. nov 135 M. nans, sp. nov 136 Halodora Greeff . 139 H. reynaudii (Audouin & Miln( Edwards) . 139 Corynocephalus Levinsen . . . . 141 Key to Species 141 C. paumotanus, sp. nov. . . . 141 Plotohelmis, gen. nov 143 P. alata, sp. nov. 144 Rhynchonerella A. Costa . . . 146 Key to Species 146 R. cincinnata (Greeff) .... . 146 R. pycnocera, .sp. nov 147 R. parva, sp. nov 150 Typhloscolecidae 151 Key to Genera 152 Typhloscolex Busch 152 T. miillerii Busch 152 Sagitella N. Wagner .... 153 S. kowalewskii N. Wagner . . . 153 S. sp. a 153 Plotobia, gen. nov 1.54 P. simplex, sp. nov 1.55 P. coniceps, sp. nov 156 Tomopteridae 1.58 Tomopteris Eschscholtz . . . 159 T. innatans, sp. nov 1.59 T. eura, sp. nov 160 T. idiura, sp. nov 161 T. sp. a 162 T. sp. b 162 Svllidae 163 Kev to the Subfamilies and Genera 164 Synonymy of Genera .... 166 Autolytus Grube 167 A. obliquatus, sp. nov 168 A. planipalpus, sp. nov. . . . 170 A. torquens, sp. nov 172 Syllis Savigny 174 Key to Subgenera 174 S. remex, sp. nov 175 Synelmis, gen. nov 176 S. simplex, sp. nov. ..... 177 Odontosyllis Claparede .... 180 0. atypica, sp. nov. ..... 180 CONTENTS. 9 Page Sphaerodoridae 182 Key to Genera 182 Synonymy of Genera 182 Hesionidae 183 Key to Genera 185 Synonymy of Genera 185 Hesione Savigny 186 H. paeifica Mcintosh 186 H. genetta Grube 186 H. panamena, sp. nov 188 Leocrates Kinberg 190 L. iris (Grube) 190 L. anomalus, sp. nov 190 Nereidae 191 Key to Genera 194 Synonymy of Genera 195 Kainonereis, gen. nov 196 K. alata, sp. nov 197 Nereis Linne 202 N. segrex, sp. nov 202 N. leuca, .sp. nov 205 N. caenoeirrus, sp. nov 209 N. pelagica Linne 213 Ceratonereis Kinberg 213 C. fakaravae, sp. nov 213 Uneinereis, gen. nov 215 U. subita, sp. nov 216 Platynereis Kinberg 219 P. polyscabna, sp. nov 219 Perinereis Kinberg 227 P. helleri Grube 227 Pseudonereis Kinberg 227 P. atopodon, sp. nov 228 Leodicidae 229 Key to Genera 231 Synonymy of Genera 232 Leodice Savigny 232 Key 232 L. makemoana, sp. nov 233 L. siciliensis (Grube) 236 L. segregata, sp. nov 237 L. lita, sp. nov 240 L. oliga, sp. nov 244 L. oliga papeetensis, subsp. nov. . . 248 L. pauroneurata, sp. nov 249 L. nesiotes, sp. nov ' . 253 Key 256 L. panamena, sp. nov 256 L. contingens, sp. nov 260 Onuphididae Key to Genera . . . Onuphis Audouin & Milne Key O. proalopus, sp. nov O. nannognathus, sp. nov. O. litabranchia, sp. nov O. paciiytmema, sp. nov O. socia, sp. nov. . O. iepta, sp. nov. Key O. crassisetosa, sp. nov. O. cobra, sp. nov. Paronuphis Ehlers P. solenotecton, sp. nov. Hyalinoecia Malmgren H. tecton, sp. nov. H. tubicola (O. F. Muiler) H. leucacra, sp. nov. Leptoecia, gen. nov. L. abyssorum, sp. nov. Lumbrinereidae . . . Key to Genera S\nonymy of Genera Lumbrinereis Blainville L. bifilaris Ehlers Cenothri.x, gen. nov. C. mutans, sp. nov. . Cenogenus, gen. nov. C. descendens, sp. nov. Oenone Savigny . . O. telura, sp. nov. Dorvilleidae .... Key to Genera . . Synonymy of Genera Dorvillea, Parfitt D. crassa, sp. nov. Glyceridae .... Key to Genera . . Synonymy of Genera Tehike, gen. nov. T. epipolasis, sp. nov. Hemipodus Quatrefages H. mexicanus, sp. nov. Glycera Sa\igny . G. dibranchiata Ehlers G. profundi, sp. nov. G. fundicola, sp. nov. Edwards Paqb . 263 . 264 . 265 . 265 . 265 . 270 . 274 279 284 290 295 295 300 306 306 310 310 315 317 319 320 324 325 326 327 327 329 330 333 333 334 334 338 339 339 339 339 343 344 344 345 346 348 349 350 350 3.50 352 10 CONTENTS. Page Ariciidae 353 Key to Genera 354 Niiinereis Blainville 354 N. retusiceps, sp. nov 355 Branchethus, gen. nov 357 B. latum, sp. nov 358 Paraonidae 361 Key to Genera 362 Goniadidae 362 Key to Genera 363 Synonymy of Genera 363 Goniada Audoiiin & Milne Edwards . 363 G. eremita Audouin & Milne Ed- wards 363 Chaetopteridae 363 Key to Genera 365 Synonymy of Genera 365 C'haetopterus Cuvier 366 C. pergamentaceus Cuvier . . . 366 Spionidae 367 Key to Genera 368 Synonymy of Genera 369 Boccardia Ha.swell 369 B. polybranchia (Haswell) . . . 369 Disomididae 369 Key to Genera 369 Sj'nonymy of Genera 370 Cirratulidae 370 Key to Genera 372 Cirrineris Blainville 372 C. nesiotes, sp. nov 373 Cirratulus Lamarck 374 C. megalus, sp. nov. 375 C. sinincolens, sp. nov. .... 377 C. danielseni Hensen 379 Audouinia Quatrefages 380 A. filigera nesophila, subsp. nov. . 380 Dodecaceria Oersted 381 D. concharum Oersted 381 Opheliidae 382 Key to Genera 384 Synonymy of Genera 385 Kesun, gen. nov 385 K. fusus, sp. nov 386 Travisia Johnston 387 T. profundi, sp. nov 387 Scalibregmidae 389 Key to Genera 390 Synonymy of Genera 390 Scalibregma H. Rathke S. inflatum H. Rathke Arenicolidae .... Key to Genera Arenicola Lamarck A. cristata Stimpson Flabelligeridae . . . Key to Genera Synonymy of Genera Flabelligera M. Sars F. infundibularis Johnson F. affinis M. Sars Brada Stimpson B. verrucosa, sp. nov. B. irenaia, sp. nov. Ilyphagus, gen. nov. L hythincola, sp. nov 1. pluto, sp. nov. . I. ascendens, sp. nov. Sternaspidae . . . Sternaspis Otto S. fossor Stimpson S. maior, sp. nov. Maldanidae Key to the Subfamilies and Synonymy of Genera Petaloproctus Quatrefages P. crenatus, sp. nov. Maldanella Mcintosh M. fibrillata, sp. nov. Sonatsa, gen. nov. S. meridionalis, sp. nov. Gen. et .sp. ? . . . Ammocharidae Terebellidae .... Key to the Subfamilies Synonymy of Genera Terebella Linne T. panamena, sp. nov. Nicolea Malmgren N. taboguillae, sp. nov. N. galapagensis, sp. nov N. profundi, sp. nov. N. latens, sp. nov. Eupolymnia Verrill . E. regnans, sp. nov. . E. insulana, sp. nov. Thelepus Leuckart T. pericensis, sp. nov. and Genera Genera Page 391 392 392 394 394 394 394 396 397 397 397 397 399 399 400 402 402 403 403 404 405 405 , 406 407 409 . 410 . 410 . 410 , 412 . 413 . 415 . 416 . 418 . 418 . 418 420 . 423 . 424 . 424 . 425 . 425 . 427 . 429 . 430 . 432 . 433 . 434 . 437 . 437 CONTENTS. 11 Terebellides M. Sars T. eurystethus, sp. nov. Ampharetidae . . . Key to the Subfamilies SynonjTTiy of Genera Ampharete Malmgren A. hoina, sp. nov. Amphicteis Grube A. obscurior, sp. nov. A. uncopalea, sp. nov. A. orphnius, sp. nov. Moyanus, gen. nov. . M. explorans, sp. nov. Sabellides Milne Edwards S. dolus, sp. nov. Pablts, gen. nov. . P. deroderus, sp. nov. Paiwa, gen. nov. P. abyssi, sp. nov. Gen. et sp Amphictenidae . . . Key to Genera Cistenides Malmgren C. granulata (Linne) Capitellidae .... Key to Genera . . Page 438 438 440 442 444 444 444 447 447 448 450 451 452 455 455 450 457 459 459 461 461 463 463 463 463 465 Synonymy of Genera Notomastus Sars . . . N. latericeus Sars Sabellidae Key to Genera . . SjTionymy of Genera Dasychonopsis Bush D. nigromaculata (Baird) Serpulidae Key to Genera . . . Synonymy of Genera Pomatoceros Philippi P. paumotanus, sp. nov. Spirobranchus Blainville S. tricornis (Morch) . Paumotella, gen. nov. P. takemoana, sp. nov Sabellariidae .... Key to Genera Synonymy of Genera Idanthyrsus Kinberg I. cretus, sp. nov. I. regalis, sp. nov. Tetreres CauUery T. nesiotes, sp. nov. Index Page 466 406 40() 460 408 470 472 472 472 473 477 479 479 481 481 481 482 483 484 484 485 485 487 490 490 495 ALBATROSS POLYCHAETA. INTRODUCTION. The annelids with which the present memoir is concerned are embraced in collections made by the Albatross dming three distinct expeditions in charge of Mr. Alexander Agassiz to contiguous, and in some degree overlapping, areas of the Tropical Pacific Ocean. In the first of these, explorations were made off the west coasts of Mexico, Central, and northern South America, and off the Galapagos Islands from February to May, 1891. So far as con- cerns the polychaetes collected, the second expedition covered the region from the Marquesas and Paumotus westward to the EUice, Gilbert, and Marshall Islands and was carried on from September, 1899, to March, 1900. The third expedition, continued from October, 1904, to March, 1905, covered an extensive area principally off the South American coast from Panama southward to Peru and eastward to the Galapagos, Easter Island, and the Paimiotus. In addition, thirteen species from earUer expeditions of the Albatross in the Atlantic are hsted in this Memoir. These three expeditions, with the exception in some degree of the second, covered areas essentially untouched by other expeditions, and the annelid forms have proved in large measure new. No fewer than one hundred and eighteen out of a total of one hundred and seventy-five species seem not to have been previously described, these including twenty-three new generic types of which several are of high interest. Wliile the Uttoral forms are well represented, these coming chiefly from Panama and the Polynesian Islands, chief interest attaches to the abyssal and pelagic species. The collection of pelagic species is exceptionally rich and important. Aside from relatively numerous representatives of strictly pelagic families, such as the Alciopidae, Typhloscolecidae, and Tomopteridae, many forms from other famiUes were seciued which are either in the epitokous pelagic phase or are completely pela- gic. Mention may be made of the epitokes of the Nereidae, including the 14 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. peculiar new genus Kainonereis taken by night light off the Gilbert Islands, and those of the Syllidae, including the new generic type Synelmis. Consider- able additions are made to the pelagic species of the Phyllodocidae, two repre- senting new genera, Mastigethus and Nans. To the six previously known pelagic Polynoidae, four are added, three being types of genera of which atten- tion may be called to Plotolepis, a form showing peculiar adaptations to life at the surface in its greatly elongate and inflated notocirri and in its vesicular though reduced elytra. Complete lists of the forms taken in the different bathymetrical zones are given (p. 16-18). Separate lists of the forms secured by the different expeditions are here given. It may be noted that dupUcation of species is negUgible. LISTS OF SPECIES. Chloeia entypa, sp. nov. Harmothoe mexicana, sp. nov. Lepidasthenia curta, sp. nov. Admetella doHcliopus, sp. nov. Polynoe nesiotes, sp. nov. Laetmonice benthaliana Mcintosh sp. Nepthys sp. Anaitides compsa, sp. nov. Phyllodoce medipapillata Moore Hesione panamena, sp. nov. Leodice segregata, sp. nov. pauroneurata, sp. nov. panamena, sp. nov. Onuphis nannognathus, sp. nov. litabranchia, sp. nov. lepta, sp. nov. crassisetosa, sp. nov. cobra, sp. nov. Paronuphis solenotecton, sp. nov. Hyalinoecia tecton, sp. nov. tubicola (O. F. Miiller) leucacra, sp. nov. Expedition of 1891. Lumbrinereis bifilaris Ehlers Hemipodus mexieanus, sp. nov. Glycera profundi, sp. nov. Branchethus latum, gen. et sp. nov. Chaetopterus pergamentaceus Cuvier Cirratulus sinincolens, sp. nov^ Brada verrucosa, sp. nov. irenaia, sp. nov. Ilyphagus bythincola, sp. nov. Sternaspis fossor Stimpson maior, sp. nov. Maldanella fibrillata, sp. nov. Maldanidarum, gen. et sp.? Nicolea latens, sp. nov. Eupolymnia regnans, sp. nov. Thelepus pericensis, sp. nov. Ampharete lioma, sp. nov. Ampharetiilarum, gen. et sp.? Amphicteis obscurior, sp. no\'. uneopalea, sp. nov. orphnius, .sp. nov. Sabellides delus, sp nov. Spirobranchus tricornis (Morch) Hermodice striata Kinberg Amphinome V9,gans (Savigny) Eurythoe coniplanata (Pallas) Iphionc ovata Kinberg Panthalis panamensis, sp. nov Expedition of 1899-1900. Phylloiloce t'akaravana, sp. nov. sp. Nans simplex, gen. et sp. nov. Ilalodora reynaudii (Audouin and Milne Edwards) LISTS OF SPECIES. 15 Corynocephalus paiimotamis, sp. nov. Plotohelmis alata, sp. nov. Rhynchonerella par\a, sp no\-. Typhloscolex miilleri Busch Tomopteris innatans, sp. nov. Autolytus obliquatus, sp. nov. planipalpus, sp. nov. torquens, sp. nov. Syllis remex, sp. nov. Synelmis simplex, gen. et sp. nov. Odontosj'Uis atypica, sp. nov. Hesione pacifica Mclntosli genetta Grube Leocrates iris (Grube) anomalus, sp. nov. Kainonereis alata, gen. et sp. nov. Nereis leuca, sp. nov. caenocirnis, sp. nov. Ceratonereis fakaravae, sp. nov. Platynereis polyscalma, sp. nov. Perinereis helleri Grube Pseudonereis atopodon, sp. nov. Leodice makemoana, sp. nov. lita, sp. nov. oliga, sp. nov. oliga papeetensis, subsp. nov. nesiotes, sp. nov. Oenone telura, sp. nov. Dorvillea crassa, sp. nov. Telake epipolasis, gen. et sp. nov. Nainereis retusiceps, sp. nov. Kesun fusus, gen. et sp. nov. Pabits deroderus, gen. et sp. nov. Pomatoceros paumotanus, sp. nov. Paumotella takemoana, gen. et sp. nov. Tetreres nesiotes, sp. nov. Expedition of 1904-1905. Notopygos maeulata (Kinberg) Amphinome vagans (Savigny) Eurytlioe eomplanata (Pallas) Euphrosyne panamica, sp. nov. Plotolepis nans, gen. et sp. nov. Podarmus ploa, gen. et sp. nov. Harmopsides natans, gen. et sp. nov. Harmothoe hirsuta Johnson Eunoe eura, sp. nov. Admetella hastigerens, sp. nov. Polynoe innatans, sp. nov. Lepidonotus johnstoni Kinberg nesophilus, sp. nov. Aphrodita defendens, sp. nov. Laetmonice w\'villei Mcintosh benthaliana Mcintosh Sthenolepis areolata (Mcintosh) Nephtys ectopa, sp. nov. Anaitides lamellifera (Pallas) patagonica (Kinberg) Phyllodoce sp. b. sp. c. Lopadorrhynehus parvum, sp. nov. nans, sp. nov. Mastigethus errans, gen. et sp. nov. Pelagobia viguieri Gravier Alciopa cantrainii (Delle Chiaji) Torea pelagica, sp. nov. Vanadis formosa Claparede ]\Iauita nans, gen. et sp. nov. Halodora reynaudii (Audouin and Milne Edwards) Corynocephalus paumotanus, sp. nov. Rhynchonerella cincinnata (Greeff) pycnocera, sp. nov. Sagitella kowalewskii N. Wagner sp. a. Plotobia simplex, gen. et sp. nov. coniceps, sp. nov. Tomopteris innatans, sp. nov. eura, sp. nov. idiura, sp. nov. sp. a. sp. b. Nereis segrex, sp. nov. Uncinereis subita, gen. et sp. nov. Perinereis helleri Grube. Leodice siciliensis (Grube) contingens, .sp. nov. Onuphis proalopus, sp. nov. pachytmema, sp. nov. socia, sp. nov. crassisetosa, sp. nov. Hyalinoecia tubicola (O. F. Miiller) Leptoecia abyssorum, gen. et sp. nov. Lumbrinereis bifilaris Ehlers. 16 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. Cenothrix mutans, gen. et sp. nov. Cenogenus descendens, gen. et sp. nov. Glycera fumlicola, sp. nov. Cirrineris nesiotes, sp. nov. Cirratulus megalus, sp. nov. Audouinia filigera nesophilus, subsp. nov. Travisia profundi, sp. nov. Ilyphagus pluto, gen. et sp. nov. ascendens, gen. et sp. nov. Petaloproctus crenatus, sp. nov. Sonatsa meridionalis, gen. et sp. nov. Terebella panamena, sp. nov. Nicolea taboguillae, sp. nov. galapagensis, sp. nov. profundi, sp. nov. latens, sp. nov. Eupolymnia insulana, sp. nov. Terebellides eurystethus, sp. nov. Moyanus explorans, gen. et sp. nov. Paiwa abyssi, gen. et sp. nov. Idanthyrsus cretus, sp. nov. regalis, sp. nov. Atlantic Expeditions 1884-1890. Pontogenia curva, sp. nov. Sigalion pourtalesi Ehlers Nereis pelagica Linne Glycera dibranchiata Ehlers Goniada eremita Audouin & Milne Edwards Cirratulus danielseni Hansen Dodecaceria concharum Oersted Scalibregma inflatum H. Rathke Arenicola cristata Stinipson Flabelligera affinis M. Sars Cistenides granulata (Linne) Notoniastus latericeus Sars Dasychonopsis nigromaculata (Baird) Bathymetrical Distribution. The bathymetrical distribution of the species may be incUcated sufficiently by means of the following Usts. Littoral Zone {0 to 50 fms.). Notopygos maculata (Kinberg) Hermodice striata Kinberg Eurythoe complanata (Pallas) Euphrosyne panamiea, sp. nov. Harmothoe hirsuta Johnson Iphione ovata Kinberg Polynoe nesiotes, sp. nov. Lepidonotus johnstoni Kinberg nesophilu.s, sp. nov. Pontogenia curva, sp. nov. Panthalis panamensis, sp. nov. Sigalion pourtalesi Ehlers Nepthys sp. Anaitides lamellifera (Pallas) compsa, sp. nov. Phyllodoce fakaravana, sp. nov. medipapillata Moore sp. a. Synelmis simplex, gen. et. sp. nov. Hesione pacifica Mcintosh genetta Grube panamena, sp. nov. Leocrates iris (Grube) anomalus, sp. nov. Ceratonereis fakaravae, sp. nov. Perinereis helleri Grube Pscudonereis atopodon, sp. nov. Leodice makemoana, sp. nov. siciliensis, (Grube) lita, sp. nov. oliga, sp. nov. oliga papeetensis, subsp. nov. nesiotes, sp. nov. panamena, sp. nov. Cenothrbc mutans, gen. et sp. nov. Oenone telura, sp. nov. LISTS OF SPECIES. 17 Dorvillea crassa, sp. nov. Nainereis retusiceps, sp. nov. Chaetoptenis pergamentaceus Cuvier Cirrineris nesiotes, sp. nov. Audouinia filigera nesophilus, subsp. nov. Dodecaceria concharum Oersted Flabelligera affinis M. Sars Terebella panamena, sp. nov. Nicolea taboguillae, sp. nov. galapagensis, sp. nov. EnpoI\Tnnia regnans, sp. nov. Thelepus pericensis, sp. nov. Dasychonopsis nigromaculata (Baird ) Pomatoceros paumotanus, sp. nov. Spirobranchus tricornis (]M6rch) Paumotella takemoana, gen. et sp. nov. Idanthyrsus cretiis, sp. nov. regalis, sp. nov. Tetreres nesiotes, sp. nov. Continental Zone (50 to 500 fms.). Chloeia entypa, sp. nov. Laetmonice benthaliana Mcintosh Sthenolepis areolata (jMcIntosh) Leodice segregata, sp. nov. pauroneurata, sp. nov. eontingens, sp. nov. Onuphis crassisetosa, sp. nov. Glycera dibranchiata Ehlers Branchethiis latum, gen. et sp. nov. Goniada eremita Audouin and Milne Edwards Scalibregma inflatum H. Rathke Flabelligera infundibularis Johnson Brada verrucosa, sp. nov. Sternaspis fossor Stimpson Eupoljinnia insulana, sp. nov. Amphicteis obscurior, sp. nov. orphnius, sp. nov. Cistenides granulata (Linne) Notomastus latericeus Sars Abyssal Zone (beloiv 500 fms.). a. 500 to 1,000 f?ns. Harmothoe mexicana, sp. nov. Lepidasthenia curta, sp. nov. Admetella hastigerens, sp. nov. dolichopus, sp. nov. Laetmonice benthaliana Mcintosh Anaitides patagonica (Kinberg) Nereis segrex, sp. nov. Uncinereis subitus, gen. et sp. nov. Leodice segregata, sp. nov. Onuphis proalopus, sp. nov. nannognathus, sp. nov. crassisetosa, sp. nov. Hyalinoecia tecton, sp. nov. tubicola (O. F. Miiller) leucacra, sp. nov. Limibrinereis bifilaris Ehlers Hemipodus mexicanus, sp. nov. Glycera profundi, sp. nov. Cirratulus megalus, sp. nov. sinincolens, sp. nov. Ilj^phagus ascendens, gen. et sp. nov. Sternaspis maior, sp. nov. Petaloproctus crenatus, sp. nov. Nicolea latens, sp. nov. Terebellides eurystethus, sp. nov. Ampharete homa, sp. nov. Ampharetidarum, gen. et sp.? Amphicteis uncopalea, sp. nov. Sabellides delus, sp. nov. Aphrodita defendens, sp. nov. Laetmonice sp. Nepthys ectopa, sp. nov. Onuphis litabranchia, sp. nov. h. 1000 to 2000 fms. Onuphis lepta, sp. nov. cobra, sp. nov. Paronuphis solenotecton, sp. nov. Hyalinoecia tubicola (O. F. Miiller) 18 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. Brada irenaia, sp. nov. Ilyphagus bythincola, gen. et sp. nov. Maldanella fibrillata, sp. nov. Maldanidanim, gen. et sp.? Nicolea profundi, sp. nov. c. 2000 fms. and below. Eiinoe eura, sp. nov. Laetmonice wy\'illei Mcintosh Onuphis pachytmema, sp. nov. socia, sp. nov. Leptoecia abyssorum, gen. et sp. nov. Cenogenus descendens, gen. et sp. nov. Kesun fusus, gen. et sp. nov. Travisia profundi, sp. nov. Ilyphagus phito, gen. et sp. nov. Sonatsa meridionahs, gen. et sp. nov. TerebelHdes eurystethus, sp. nov. Moyanus explorans, gen. et sp. nov. Pabits deroderus, gen. et sp. nov. Paiwa abyssi, gen. et sp. nov. Pelagic Zone. Amphinome vagans (SavignjO (on drift) Plotolepis nans, gen. et sp. nov. Podarmus ploa, gen. et sp. nov. Harmopsides natans, gen. et sp. nov. Polynoe innatans, sp. nov. Phyllodoce sp. c. Lopadorrhynchus parvum, sp. nov. nans, sp. nov. Mastigethus errans, gen. et sp. nov. Pelagobia viguieri Gravier Nans simplex, gen. et sp. nov. Alciopa cantrainii (Delle Chiaji) Torea pelagica, sp. nov. Vanadis formosa Claparede. Mauita nans, gen. et sp. nov. Halodora reynaudii (Audouin and Milne Edwards) Corynocephalus paumotanus, sp. nov. Plotohelmis alata, gen. et sp. nov. Rhynchonerella cincinnata (Greeff) pycnocera, sp. nov. parva, sp. nov. Typhloscolex miilleri Busch Sagitella kowalewskii N. Wagner sp. a. Plotobia simplex, gen. et sp. nov. coniceps, gen. et sp. nov. Tomopteris innatans, sp. nov. eura, sp. nov. idiura, sp. nov. sp. a. sp. b. Autolytus obliquatus, sp. nov. planipalpus, sp. nov. torquens, sp. nov. Syllis remex, sp. nov. Odontosyllis atypica, sp. nov. Kainonereis alata, gen. et sp. nov. Nereis leucua, sp. nov. caenocirrus, sp. nov. Platynereis polyscalma, sp. nov. Telake epipolasis, gen. et sp. nov. Glycera fundieola, sp. nov. CLASSIFICATION. The various efforts to divide the Polychaeta as a whole into major groups have not proved satisfactory and many difficulties remain to be sur- mounted before the broader affinities of the famiUes can be elucidated. It seems best at present to follow the method used by Malmgren and various recent writers in considering the families separately and arranging them in an order bringing the more obviously related groups into general proximity. While CLASSIFICATION. 19 the families in the main are compact and unquestionably natural assemblages, in certain cases families as received by some are by others divided into two or more less comprehensive ones. I have here, in general, favored the narrower limitation of the famiUes; but it seems very convenient and desirable to have names for designating a number of the obviously natural assemblages of such famihes even though the majority of the famihes are left outside any such grouping. I have accordingly introduced a number of superfamily names. Thus, the elytra-bearing famiUes Polylepididae, Sigahonidae, Acoetidae, Polynoidae, and Aphroditidae (i.e., the Aphroditidae sens. lat. of some authors) are placed in a superfamily Aphroditoidea; the Leodicidae, Onuphi- didae, Lumbrinereidae, and DorvUleidae {noni. nov. pro StaurocephaUdae or Stauronereidae) in the Leodicoidea; the Glyceridae and Goniadidae in the Glyceroidea; the DisomicUdae {nom. nov. -pro Disomidae), Spionidae and Apis- thobranchidae in the Spionoidea ; the Spintheridae, Euphi'osynidae, and Amphino- midae in the Amphinomoidea; the Alciopidae, Lacydoniidae, lospilidae, Ponto- doridae, and Phyllodocidae in the Phyllodocoidea; the Syllidae and Hesionidae m the Sylloidea; the Serpuhdae and Sabellidae in the Serpuloidae; and the Terebelhdae, Ampharetidae, and Amphictenidae in the Terebelloidea. Key to the Families. a. Prostomium freely exposed. 6. Body bearing true elytra Aphroditoidea. c. Elytra borne on all somites; neurocirri and dorsal branchiae rudimentary. . . .Polylepididae. cc. Elytra not on all somites. d. Elytra alternating with cirri in the anterior region but in the posterior region occurring on all somites, these at the same time bearing cirri or cirrlform branchiae Sigalionidae. dd. Elytra not thus arranged. e. Elj'tra and cirri alternating almost regularly somite by somite. Two pedunculate eyes accompanied or not by sessile eyes; no facial tubercle; tentacles two or three; bodj' elongate • Acoetidae. ee. Elj-tra not thus regularly alternating with cirri, but occvu'ring on somites II, IV, and V,— or rarely on II, III, IV, and ^T, — and on alternate succeeding somites to posterior region and then on alternate groups of two or most posteriorly of tliree somites. /. Pharynx armed with four horny jaws; two or three tentacles; no facial tubercle, or this but weakly indicated Polynoidae. ff. Jaws none or rudimentary; a median tentacle alone present; facial tubercle well de- veloped Aphroditidae. 66. Body not bearing true elytra. c. Prostomium fused with the two succeeding somites and forming a head bifurcate in front and bearing four tentacular cirri of which the posterior pair are much the longer; other somites laterally prolonged and bearing biramous parapodia which are achaetous. . . . Tomopteridae. cc. Not so. d. Anterior somites (excepting rarely the first one to four) with neuropodial processes or tori nearlj' always more or less elongate at right angles to the axis of the body and linear, oval or lamellar in form, which bear numerous crochets or uncini in unmixed groups or series, or rarely the crochets few in number. 20 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. e. Body anteriorly either wholly without a group of filiform or branched branchial appendages, or these if present arising from the frayed margin of a campanuliform membrane sur- rounding the mouth except ventrally. /. With branched or arborescent branchiae on middle region of the body. . . . ArenicoUdae. ff. With no branchiae on middle region of body. g. No capillary setae, both notopodia and neuropodia bearing exclusively crochets, crochets few, with tori not elongate; body long, somites numerous; prostomium without appendages Uncinaselidae. gq. Capillary setae present. Tori much elongated with crochets numerous. h. The first three fascicles of notopodial setae without corresponding ventral setae; uncinigerous tori elongate and very narrow, almost line-like; branchiae often present as the frayed margin of a circumoral membrane Ammocharidae. hh. Either some other number than first three pairs of fascicles of notopodial setae or none at all without corresponding ventral setae; uncinigerous tori not hne-like, usually elliptic or oblong; never with a group of branchiae about the mouth. Maldanidae. ee. Body anteriorly with a group of filiform, dendritic or plumose branchiae. . . . Terebelloidea. f. With two pairs of tentacular cirri ; the most posterior division of the body consisting of five or six somites abruptly offset from the rest of the body, this caudal region short, flat and commonly ending in a short, thread-like process or cirrus Amphidenidae. ff. With no tentacular cirri; most posterior division of body not of this form, consisting of more than ten somites. g. Prostomium more or less fused with the peristomium and forming a supraoral lobe which bears numerous filiform tentacles, often in two groups, which are not at all retractile within the oesophagus; branchiae never more than three pairs, these commonly branched, or if simple nearly always of uniform thickness, filiform, only rarely subulate; anterior region never bearing series of stout paleae. . Terebellidae. gg. Prostomium distinct; tentacles retractile within the oesophagus; branchiae most commonly four pairs, rarely only three or two pairs, always simple and strongly pointed or subulate; third somite often bearing two rows of conspicuous paleae. Ampharetidae. dd. Crochets either lacking entirely on the first nine or more somites or, if present, never in unmixed groups or series but mingled with capillary setae. e. Buccal armature complex, including several to many pairs of maxillae Leodicoidea. f. No ventral cirri present; dorsal cirri rudimentary or foUaceou-s Lumbrinereidae. ff. Dorsal and ventral cirri present. g. Maxillae consisting of a few pieces only, these forming short series. h. A pair of frontal tentacles, and a total of seven; peristomium entire. . Onuphididae. hh. No frontal tentacles, the total from one to five; peristomium biannulate. Leodicidae. gg. Maxillae numerous, small, forming two long series Dorvilleidae. ee. Buccal armature simple or none. /. Capillary setae present only on the first nine to fourteen somites; elsewhere only crochets in series at the ends of which are the branchiae when present; tentacles two, small and retractile; parapodia in anterior region rudimentary, in the posterior none. Capitellidae. ff. Setae not thus arranged. • g. Body on each side above the parapodia with a series of nearly globular capsules (cirri) each of wliich contains a tube wound in a ball; parapodia uniramous and without acicula Sphaerodoridae. gg. Without such capsular cirri and non-aciculiferous parapodia. h. Prostomium long, conical and strongly annulated; bearing four short tentacles at its tip Glyceroidea. i. Parapodia of one form throughout the length of the body; proboscis with four similar jaws Glyceridae. a. Anterior parapodia uniramous, the others biramous; proboscis with numerous pieces in its armature Goniadidae. hh. Prostomium not thus annulated and with four tentacles at its tip. i. Prostomimn without true tentacles; palpi absent or else present in the form of two greatly elongated tentaculiform bodies. CLASSIFICATION. 21 j. Body posteriorly with a conspicuous paired sternal plate, from the edges of which radiate numerous fascicles of long slender setae Slemaspidae. jj. Body without this structure. k. Palpi present, greatly elongate and tentaculiform Spionoidea. I. First parapodia greatly developed, directed forwards and bearing long setae which meet in the middle in front of the head; short spines or crochets present on somites II and III and sometimes IV. .Disomididae. II. First parapodia not thus directed forward and bearing setae that cross in front; no stout spines on somites II, III, or IV. in. Parapodia distinctly biramous, with notopodial setae freely protrud- ing; a lamina caudad of each setigerous ramus; no ligula or inter- mediate branchia above neuropodium Spionidae. mm. Notopodia represented bj' dorsal branchiae in the bases of which the setae are concealed; no laminae caudad of setigerous rami; a ligula or branchia just above each neuropodium of the first seven pairs. A pisthobranchidae. kk. No such palpi present on the prostomium. I. Body with a distinct thorax of nine to fourteen somites "in which the parapodia are uniramous and bear only simple hastate or lanceolate setae or paleae; the remaining part of body ha\'ing parapodia biramous with neuropodia in the form of uncinigerous tori, this region in most with its anterior five, or less commonly but two, somites differentiated into a median region Chaelopteridae. II. Not so. m. Integument in considerable part strongly roughened or tesselated. Body short; somites annulated; branchiae when present few and anterior in position Scalihregmidae. mm. Integument not thus roughened; branchiae when present more numerous. 11. Branchiae none; cirri, excepting certain special anterior ones, very short and stumpy, two-jointed Pisionidae. nn. Branchiae present; cirri when present not of this form. 0. Setae and branchiae throughout strictly lateral in position; body short, of few somites, these commonly annulated. . . .OpheUidae. 00. Branchiaedorsalor subdorsal in position; body elongate, consisting of numerous, short, simple somites. p. Parapodia present as distinct setigerous prominences; cirri present. Body flattened dorsally, rounded ventrally; bran- cliiae usually ligulate. q. Setae strongly cross-striate or annulated; no crochets in posterior region; anal cirri two or four Ariciidae. qq. Setae not annulated; crochets in posterior region; cirri three. Paraonidae. pp. No distinct setigerous or parapodial prominences and no cirri; body convex dorsally; branchiae long and filiform and present on many or a considerable number of somites. .Cirrahdidae. i. Prostomium bearing true tentacles or palpi of ordinary form, or both tentacles and palpi. j. Notopodial setae blade-hke, strongly cross-striate, and arranged in radiate or palmate groups along each side of the dorsum which they cover wholly of in part. k. Notopodia, at least in part, with capillary setae as weU as paleae; noto- cirri on somites separated by one or more not bearing them . . Palmyridae. kk. Notopodia with paleae exclusivelj-; notocirri on all parapodia. Chrysopetalidae. jj. Parapodia not thus differing in character on alternate somites; notopodial setae not of this structure and arrangement. k. Both notopodium and neuropodium bearing a conspicuous lamella on its edge in addition to the cirrus; notopodium also bearing a branchia which is cirriform. 22 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. Prostomium reduced, mostly quadrangular or rhomboidal with one or two pairs of smaU tentacles on its anterior margin Neplhydidae. kk. Parapodia without such lamella on its rami; branchiae never cirriform, but arborescent, pennatifid or none. /. Mouth shifted caudad and bordered by several similarly formed somites; prostomium often appearing as a dorsal caruncle extending over several somites Amphinomoidea. m. Branchiae none Spintheridae. mm. Branchiae present. n. Setae and arborescent branchiae forming a broad band on each side of the dorsum over its entire length, leaving naked only a narrow stripe along the middle Euphrosynidae. nn. Branchiae and setae not forming such broad dorsal bands. Amphinomidae. II. Mouth not thus shifted back and bordered by several similar somites; prostomium not forming a dorsal band or caruncle; branchiae never in connection with parapodia. VI. Integument roughened, strongly papillose; with numerous short branchiae on peristomium Chlorhaemidae. mm. Integument smooth or at least not papillose; branchiae none. n. Cirri flattened, foliaceous, and usually containing conspicuous mucus glands. 0. Cirri fastened near their middles, elytriform. Prostomium conical and with a single median process; no eyes; fused with the peristomium which bears a pair of cirri Ty phloscolecidae . 00. Cirri not elytriform; prostomium not fused with the peristomium; eyes present Phyllodocoidea. p. Eyes very large; nuchal organs rudimentary or absent; uni- formly five tentacles present; tentacular cirri three or five pairs; pelagic fonns Alciopidae. pp. Eyes small or but moderate, as in most polychaetes, or rarely none; nuchal organs well developed. q. Proboscis with two pairs of true jaws; two pairs of tentacles; no palpi; one pair of tentacular cirri Lacijdoniidae. qq. Proboscis without true jaws, being either wholly unarmed or with a number of small chitinous pieces or denticles, r. A pair of palpi present; tentacles none or a single pair; ex- clusively pelagic forms. s. Tentacles none; parapodia normal lospilidae. ss. A pair of tentacles present; parapodia greatly elongate. Pontodoridae. rr. ^^'ith no palpi. s. Tentacles two pairs and in addition often an unpaired tentacle present; eyes and composite setae nearly always present Phyllodocidae. ss. Tentacles three; eyes none; setae all simple. .Otopsidae. nn. Cirri not flattened or lamellar and not containing conspicuous mucus glands. 0. Palpi massive, two-jointed, with the terminal article small, in- serted well caudad of the pair of tentacles; proboscis consisting of two distinct rings, the distal one of which always bears a pair of maxillae curved toward each other and toothed on the mesal edge ; cirri and tentacles simple Nereidae. 00. Palpi either absent, or when present inserted nearly at the same level as the tentacles, and when biarticulate with the terminal article conspicuously long; proboscis not divided into two suck rings and bearing stout maxillae of this character; cirri and tentacles commonly in whole or in part composed of separate articles, annulated or moniliform Sylloidea. AMPHINOMIDAE. 23 p. Body commonly filiform and most often colorless; palpi never biarticulate; tentacular cirri one or two pairs SijUidne. pp. Body typically short and plump and consisting of from twenty to forty somites, rarely more, and often conspicuously colored; palpi usually evidently, biarticulate; tentacular cirri from six to eight pairs, rarely two pairs or none Hesionidae. a. Prostomium more or less completely hidden by the peristomium; palpi greatly developed and subdivided to form branchiae. Body subdivided into thorax and abdomen, with the notopodia of the abdomen bearing uncini. 6. With a pair of well-developed tentacles; peristomium very strongly developed and forming a bilobed hood each lobe of which bears two or three semicircles of peculiar, stout, usually golden yellow, setae or paleae, or these rarely almost obliterated; thorax of five or six somites. Sabellariidae. 66. Tentacles very small; peristomium not of this form and without cirri or setae Serpuloidea. c. Nearly always with a well-developed thoracic membrane, formed by the fusion of cirri, and an operculum; tube formed of mucin impregnated with calcareous matter, opaque, or rarely translucent Serpvlidae. cc. Without thoracic membrane and operculum; tube formed of mucin of variable consistence and more or less transparent, strengthened or not with mud, sand, pieces of shell, or other foreign material Sabellidae. Amphinomidae. The members of this family have most commonly an elongate body more or less tetragonal in cross-section, less conmionly depressed and subelliptic in outline. Colors nearly always brilliant, often showing as shades of green, scarlet, violet, or yellow. The prostomimn is rounded and is bordered or almost surrounded by the first somites. It bears a pair of palpi and one, three or five tentacles and may or may not bear a dorsal caruncle or nuchal body. Eyes normally four but sometimes two or wholly absent. The mouth is ventral in position and is somewhat removed from the ante- rior end, being bordered by a number of the anterior somites. Parapodia biramous, with one or two dorsal cirri and one ventral cirrus on at least part of them, though these may be rudimentary or absent on others. Branchiae present, each a smgle, mostly arborescent or pennatifid tuft, never in transverse series. Setae simple, capillary or sometimes as stouter hooked spines; in part calcareous and as a result very brittle. Pygidimn with one or two processes which are but little developed; anus dorsal, commonly large. Proboscis protrusible, bearing neither jaws, teeth, or papillae. The amphinomids, while occurring in the colder regions, apparently attain their largest development in warmer parts of the world, such as the Polynesian 24 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. area, where they abound on the coral reefs, in the Philippines, and in the West Indies. They occur especially in the Uttoral zone and at moderate depths, though they have been taken as far down as 1525 fms. (e. g., Chloenea atlantica Mcintosh. See Challenger Annelida, 1885). These animals are sluggish in movement, showing a marked tendency toward a sedentary and in some cases a parasitic life, and conceahng themselves in retreats which they rarely leave. Many species live in large part upon sponges, among which they liide. They also eat diatoms and radiolarians and other forms occurring in fixed localities. The nutritive value of the food being low necessitates the ingestion of an excep- tional quantity and this is correlated with an anal opening of unusual size. (Cf. Gravier, Nouv. arch. Mas. hist, nat., 1901, ser. 4, 3, p. 239). Some forms are frequently found attached to floating wood or other objects far from land. Such a form is notably Amphinome vagans Savigny (p. 27), which has been taken in chift in various parts of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The Amphinomidae (sens, str.) have not been represented in the collections of the important exploring expeditions by large numbers of species excepting in those of the Siboga in which Horst found no fewer than twenty-two species. Grube mentions five species from the Philip'pines in the Annulata Semperiana, listing four secured by the Gazelle, and tliree in the Annulata Oerstediana. The Challenger secured nine species, this comparatively small number being attributed by Mcintosh to the fact that but Uttle Uttoral collecting was done. But, on the other hand, in the large collection of annelids secured by the Ham- burg expedition to southwestern Australia and coming almost exclusively from the Uttoral zone or from moderate depths, there are but two species of amphino- mids, while Ehlers in his Neuseeliindische Amieliden Usts none at all, as is also the case in that author's report on the polychaetes of the Hamburger Magal- haenische Sammelreise. Ehlers gives two species as found on the Patagonian shores, and includes five in his Florida annelids. Of the polychaetes collected by the Blake in the West Indies, Augener lists three species as belonging to this family. In the Albatross collection from the Hawaiian Islands (1902) Tread- well found five ampliinomids. In his Polychaeta of the Indian Oceap Potts lists thirteen species. Izuka mentions but three species as known from Japan, and Mcintosh in his monograph of British anneUds includes but two. In the present collection there are five species, of which two are widespread and well- known forms, two uncommon, and one new. NOTOPYGOS. , 25 Key to Genera. a. Branchiae arborescent. 6. With no caruncle, c. Branchiae only on the anterior somites; dorsal and ventral cirrus present on the first parapodia, rudimentary on others Paramphinome Sars. 66. With a caruncle. c. Caruncle much reduced. d. Neuropodial setae bifurcate. e. Caruncle of three small lobes in a transverse row, not extending beyond the first somite and preceded by a median tentacle; eyes none Benthoscolex Horst. ee. Caruncle a flexuous crest with short lateral folds, reaching third or fourth somite; eyes present Eurijlhoe Kinberg. dd. Neuropodial setae not bifurcate, simply hooked. Caruncle tongue-shaped or cordiform; notopodial setae partly serrate along two sides, harpoon-shaped, partly more elongate, spinose Amp/iireome Bruguiere. cc. Caruncle well developed. d. With dorsal cirrus single. e. Caruncle without crest or folds, a few transverse grooves, narrowed caudad; eyes none. Sangiria Horst. ee. Caruncle not so. /. Caruncle very large, heart-shaped, with the lateral branches diverging caudad. Pherecardia Horst. //. Caruncle of more moderate size, not cordate. g. Caruncle with lateral branches diverging cephalad Hennodice Kinberg. gg. Caruncle not so. h. Dorsal setae harpoon-like, a double series of retrorse teeth; caruncle with lateral branches diverging caudad Pherecardites Horst. hh. Dorsal setae simply bifurcate; caruncle weakly transversely plaited, true lateral branches not evident; branchiae small, with few filaments. . . .Parachlocia Horst. dd. With a dorsal and an intermediate cirrus Notoptjgos Grube. 6. With no caruncle HippoTioe Audouin and Edwards. 66. With a caruncle. c. With a single dorsal cirrus. d. Eyes present; neuropodial setae smooth Chloeia Savigny. dd. No eyes; neuropodial setae coarsely serrate along inner border .... Bathychloeia Horst. cc. With a dorsal cirrus and an intermediate cirrus Chloenea Kinberg. Synonyvnj of Genera. Didymobranchus Schmarda is too imperfectly known at present to be placed with certainty. Eucamnculata Malaquin and Dehorne (1907) is synony- mous with Pherecardia Horst (1886). Cryptonota Stimpson and Oniscosoma Sars are the same as Spinther Johnston, type of the amphinomoid family Spintheridae, not represented in the present collection. NoTOPYGOS Grube. Archiv. naturg., 1855, 21, p. 93; Annulata Semperiana, 1878, p. 7. Lirione Kinberg, Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1857, 14, p. 12. Notopygos was used by Grube in 1850 in his tjbersicht der annehdengat- tungen und arten (p. 21) but without mention of any species, and again in 1851 26 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. in his Fainilien der anneliden (Archiv. naturg., 16, p. 40); but as he gave no diagnosis either for the genus or its type-species at that time, the genus must date from 1855. NoTOPYGOS MACULATA (Kinberg). Lirione maculata Kinberg, Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1857, 14, p. 12; Baird, Journ. Linn. soc. London. Zool, 1868, 10, p. 226; Kinberg, Fregatt. Eugenies Resa Zool. Annulater, 1910, pi. 11, f. 5-5x. Notopygos maculata Grube, Annulata Semperiana, 1878, p. 8, pi. 1, f. 3; Malaquin & Dehorne, Rev. Suisse zool., 1907, 15, p. 357. Locality. Panama: Taboguilla Island. 31 October, 1904. One specimen taken on the shore. It is only about 10 mm. in length, or half that of the type, and is evidently not in full color. The specimen is topotypical, Kinberg stating of the type "Hab. oras insularum juxta Panama." Hermodice Kinberg. Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1857, 14, p. 12. Hermodice striata Kinberg. Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1857, 14, p. 13. Hermodice pennata Treadwell, Bull. U. S. fish comm., 1903, 23, pt. 3, p. 1165. Locality. Society Islands: Papeete. 9 November, 1899. Two speci- mens taken on the shore. These specimens, the larger of which is complete and 23 mm. in length, agree fully with the original description. The type was also from the Society Islands, having been taken on the coral reef at Eimeo. The somites are conspicuously marked above by longitudinal stripes of brownish pink which extend part way or entirely across each somite. The distal end of the notopodia is encircled with dark. The setae are whitish. The setae agree in structure with Kinberg's account. The head, tentacles, caruncle, and cirri have the characteristic structure described by Treadwell for his H. pennata which seems without doubt to be the same species. Amphinome Bruguiere. Encyclop. method., 1789, 1, p. viii, 44; 1791, 7, p. 88; Cuvier, Diet. sci. nat., 1804, 2, p. 3113; Horst, Siboga exped. Monog. 24a, 1912, p. 39. Pleione Savigny, Descript. Egypte. Hi.st. nat., 1809 [= 1822], 1, pt. 3, ]). 14, 59; Cuvier, Regno anim., ed. 2, 1829, 3, p. 199. EURYTHOE. 27 Amphinoma Blainville, Diet. sci. nat., 1828, 57, p. 450; Audouin & Milne Edwards, Hist. nat. litt. France. Annelidcs, 1831, 2, p. 121. Linopherus Quatrefages, Hist. nat. anneles, 1865, 1, p. 392. Leiiora Geube, Annulata Semperiana, 1878, p. 2. Amphinome vagans (Savigny). Pleione vagans Savigny, Descript. Egypte. Hist, nat., 1809 [ = 1822], 1, pt. 3, p. 60. Amphinoma vagans Bl.unville, Diet. sci. nat., 1828, 67, p. 451; Audouin & Milne Edwards, Hist. nat. litt. France. Annelides, 1834, 2, p. 122. Amplmiome vagans Grube, Arehiv. naturg., 1850, 1, p. 289; Kinberg, Of vers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1857, 14, p. 12; Quatrefages, Hist. nat. anneles, 1865, p. 403; Baird, Journ. Linn. soc. London. ZooL, 1870, 19, p. 218; McIntosh, Challenger Annelida, 1885, p. 24; Horst, Notes Leyden mus., 1886, 8, no. 3, p. 159; Kinberg, Fregatt. Eugenies Resa. Zool. Annulater, 1910, p. 34, pi. 11. fig. 6. Pleione tetraedra Milne Edwards (nee Savigny), Regne anim. illust. Annelides, 1849, pi. 8, fig. 1, la. Amphinome rostrata Kinberg (nee Pallas), Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1857, 14, p. 12; McIntosh, ChaUenger Annelida, 1885, p. 21, pi. lA, fig. 16, pi. 2A, fig. 8-12; Andrews, Proe. U. S. N. M., 1891, 14, p. 278; IzuKA, Journ. Coll. sci. Imper. univ. Tokyo, 1912, 30, p. 226, pi. 1, fig. 2, pi. 22, fig. 6-9. Amphinome pallasii Quatrefages, Hist. nat. anneles, 1865, p. 394; Baird, Journ. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1870, 19, p. 218; Ehlers, Mem. M. C. Z., 1887, 15, p. 26, pi. 1, fig. 4; Moore, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Philad., 1903, p. 793; Fauvel, R6su1. campag. sci. Prince Monaco, 1914, 46, p. 85. Localities. Off Marquesas Islands. Sta. 3686 (lat. 12° 20' S; long. 144° 15' W.). Surface temp., 79° F. 19 September, 1899. One specimen 22 mm. long taken on barnacles diifting at surface. Off Acapulco Light House, Mexico. Sta. 4596 (lat. 16° 48' N., long. 100° 27' W.). Surface temp., 84° F. 14 October, 1904. Six immature specimens ranging in size from only 2.5 mm. to 8.5 nmi. were taken from driftwood. This species has often been taken similarly from driftwood elsewhere in the Pacific as well as in the Atlantic. The specimens recorded agree in details of structure of the setae and other parts with specimens from the Atlantic excepting, in the case of those from the second locality, in slight points such as the difference in size and form of the knob on the shortest setae, differences possibly due to immaturity. The largest of the specimens from Sta. 4596 has twenty-five somites, the smallest seventeen, the most caudal of these being short and closely crowded. The forms that have usually been referred to A. vagans seem without doubt to be partly grown specimens of the same species known as A. pallasii and, in part, as A. rostrata. The true rostrata is a species occurring in the Indian Ocean and differing from the Atlantic and Pacific form that has been Usted under that name; vagans has priority over pallasii. EuRYTHOE Kinberg. Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1857, 14, p. 13. 28 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. EURYTHOE COMPLANATA (Pallas). Plate 14, fig. 3-8 Aphrodite complanata P;Vllas, Misc. zool., 1766, p. 109, pi. 8, fig. 1926. Pleione complanata Savigny, Descript. Egypte. Hist, nat., 1809 [= 1822], 1, pt. 3, p. 62. Pleione alcyonia S.wigny, Descript. Egypte. Hist, nat., 1809 |= 1822], 1, pt. 3, p. 62, pi. 2, fig. 3. Eurythoe pacifica Kinberg, Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1857, 14, p. 14; Grube, Novara Annelid., 1867, p. 8; Monatsb. K. preuss. akad. wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 509; Annulata Semperiana, 1878, p. 6; McIntosh, Challenger Annelida, 1885, p. 27; Malaquin & Dchobne, Rev. Suisse zool., 1907, 15, p. 357; Kinberg, Fregatt. Eugenics Resa. Zool. Annulater, 1910, pi. 12, f. 11. Eurythoe kamchamecha Kinberg, Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1857, 14, p. 14; Ehlers, Zool. jahrb. Syst. 1905, 22, 3, p. 281; Kinberg, Fregatt. Eugenics Resa. Zool. Annulater, 1910, pi. 12, f. 13. Eurylhroe corallitui Kinberg, Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1857, 14, p. 14. Eurythoe complanata Langerhans, Nova acta Acad. Caesareae Leop. Carol., 1881, 42, p. 108. Ehlers, Mem. M. C. Z., 1887, 15, p. 29; Nach. K. gesellsch. wiss. Gottingen, Math. phys. klasse, 1897, p. 159; Festsch. K. gesellsch. Gottingen, 1901, p. 34; Treadwell, Bull. U. S. fish comm., 1901, 20, pt. 2, p. 194; Collin, Polych. Amboina etc., 1902, p. 99; Ehlers, Zool. jahrb. Syst., 1905, 22, 3, p. 281; Deutsch. tiefsee exped. Valdivia, 1908, 16, p. 38; Pott.'!, Polych. Indian Ocean, 1909, pt. 1, p. 307; HoRST, Siboga exped. Monog. 24a, 1912, p. 34, pi. 9, fig. 20; Augener, Fauna Siidw.-Austr. Polych., 1, 1913, 4, 4, 6, p. 87. Eurythoe pacifica var. levukaensis FiscHLi, Abh, Senck. naturf. gesellsch. Frankfurt-a-M., 1900, 25, p. 98. Eurythoe alcyonia Gravier, Nouv. arch. Mus. hist, nat., 1901, ser. 4, 3, p. 248. Localities. Paumotu Archipelago: Rangii'oa. 23 September, 1899. Three small specimens. Paumotu Archipelago: Fakarava. 13 October, 1899. Eighteen specimens taken on the fringing reef, a few of these being immature. Paumotu Arcliipelago : Makemo. 21 October, 1899. Numerous young specimens. Society Islands: Papeete. 9 November, 1899. Shore. Two small speci- mens. Society Islands: Bora Bora. 17 November, 1899. Fringing reef. Numer- ous young and partly grown specimens. Easter Island. 20, 21 December, 1904. Three specimens from the shore. Galapagos Islands: Chatham Island. 8, 9 January, 1905. Shore. Three specimens. Eurythoe com-planata as here accepted has an almost cosmopolitan distri- bution in the warmer latitudes. It is abundant and very widespread on the coasts of the Indo-Pacific region from East Africa and the Red Sea to the Phil- ippines, Hawaiian Islands and the Galapagos, without, however, having been taken on the western American coast, and it occurs as well in the Atlantic in the West Indies and on the African coast at the Canaries, etc. On the west coast of America it is represented by a smaller but very closely related form, E. paupera Grube {E. californica Johnson) which occurs in the littoral zone EURYTHOE COMPLANATA. 29 from Patagonia northward to California. It seems to be extremely abundant on the coral reefs of the Pacific Islands. E. complanata was described originally from the West Indies, E. alcyonia from the Red Sea, and E. pacifica from the Society Islands (Eimeo); but the forms identified by different \\Titers under these three names overlap extensively in their ranges and at the same time present no distinctive morphological characters that have been thus far pointed out. Shght differences in the setae occm- in specimens from many different localities; and it is quite Ukely that after the minute study of abundant material it will be possible to limit various local varieties ; but such discrimination seems impossible in the present state of our knowledge. I do not find that the sup- posedly characteristic serrations of the fvucate setae of dorsal and ventral fasciae in E. pacifica are present even in most specimens from the general type- locality. E. coralUna Kinberg I regard as having been based upon young speci- mens of this species, the number of buccal segments having been found to vary with age. Specimens from all the locaUties mentioned agree in general form and pro- portions, the body having a flattened form of subrectangular cross-section about t^vdce as vAde as high. The oval prostomium has four eyes; the tentacles are short, wdth the median shorter than the lateral and scarcely as high as the adja- cent caruncle. The caruncle does not extend beyond the fourth segment. There are three or four buccal segments. Both the dorsal and the ventral cirri are shorter than the setae and are jointed. Notopodial setae include besides the prevalent straight serrate tj^pe, a very slender furcate type, the branches of which are fine. The nem-opodial setae are of a much stouter furcate type in wliich the branches are stout. In both furcate types serrations may or may not be present. While the setae vary obviously in form, it does not seem possible at present to define varieties or subspecies on this basis. (See Plate 14, fig. 3-9). The specimens from the Galapagos conform in the features above mentioned. The midventral line is dark as in many specimens from the Paumotus, etc.; but, in addition, there is a slight darkening in a narrow band adjacent to the parapodia both above and below. The dorsal sm-face is more strongly sulcate and roughened than usual. The smallest specimen is 53 mm. long and 6 mm. wide, exclusive of the setae. It is composed of seventy somites. The inter- mediate specimen is nearly 100 mm. long, has a maximum width of 11 mm. and embraces one hmidred and two somites. The third specimen is much larger and greatly exceeds other specimens of the species of which I find measure- ments recorded, and presents a correspondingly large number of somites. It is 30 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. 350 mm. long, has a maximum width, exclusive of setae, of 15.5 mm. and inclu- sive of setae of 20 mm. It consists of one hundi-ed and eighty-four somites or near that number. Chloeia Savigny. Descript. Egypte. Hist, nat., 1809 [= 1822], 1, pt. 3, p. 58. Cloeia Savigny, Descript. Egypte. Hist, nat., 1809 [ = 1822], 1, pt. 3, p. 14. Chloeia entypa, sp. nov.' Plate 13, fig. 8, 9; Plate 14, fig. 1, 2. The general color of the body is yellowish throughout ; the setae a brighter, uniform yellow; the dorsal cirri deep violaceous or purplish, becoming more dilute distad. The body is narrower caudad, being narrowly obovate in outline. The length is near 10 mm. and the greatest width, exclusive of the setae, is about 4.2 mm. ; the longest setae measure 3.2 mim. There are twenty-three or twenty- four somites (or twenty without the cauda). The anterior paired tentacles are widely separated at the base; they are paler in color and about two thirds as long as the posterior ones. The pos- terior paired tentacles are inserted close together immediately in front of the anterior end of the caruncle; they are shorter than the median tentacle which in turn is only about half as long as the caruncle. All the tentacles are of the usual subulate type. None has any dark pigmentation. The elevated caruncle is attached in front to the first two somites but extends caudad to the fifth where it ends freely. It narrows continuously from the anterior end to the posterior. It is doubly crenate or foliate as usual, there being in the type eight to ten pairs of foliae. The color is yellow throughout with no dark markings. The mouth is a simple opening. From it there extends forward and about the anterior end the usual two connate palpal ridges. It ends at the third somite which on the ventral side is longest at the middle with the median region longi- tudinally wrinkled. The typical segments of the body have the usual general structure. Ven- trally the somites show many longitudinal impressed sulci and along the mid- ' (frvwos, impressed. CHLOEIA ENTYPA. 31 ventral line a sharply defined, wide, depressed band or neural channel. The branchiae are large. Each one normally extends caudad much as in C. maculata Potts, but is much longer, typically overlapping the succeeding somite and branchia. The branches from the main trunk of the branchia are relatively long and numerous; they may bear a few secondary branches or pinnulae but the more distal ones are more commonly simple. The dorsal cirri are very conspicuous because of their strongly contrasting deep violaceous color. Each is attached caudad of the notopodial tubercle as usual. They are distally slenderly subulate and in the preserved specimen are shorter than the long ventral setae. The ventral cirri are pale throughout and are slenderly subulate. Each is attached on the caudoventral side of the ventral fascia. The dorsal setae are distinctly coarser than the ventral. The prevailing type is moderately curved and has the furcate apical part more or less at an angle with the proximal division. The larger distal branch is long and acute, the shorter branchy or spur being parallel with it excepting the tip which curves slightly outward or away from the axis. (Plate 13, fig. 8). The principal branch is prevaiUngly smooth along both edges. A second type occurs in the middle and especially the posterior region. The setae of this type are coarser. The outer edge of these setae is very finely serrulate, the teeth being minute and occurring chiefly on the distal half. (Plate 14, fig. 1). None of the setae show such coarse teeth as occur for instance in C. fiava (Pallas). Only one form of setae was observed in the ventral fasciae. These are finer and longer than the dorsals. In the furcate tip of these setae the main branch is straight and slender with the edges smooth. The spur is short and straight and a Uttle divergent. (Plate 13, fig. 9). Locality. Off Mexico. Sta. 3418 (lat. 16° 31' N., long. 99° 52' 30" W.). Depth, 66 fms. Bottom, brown sand with black specks. Bottom temp., 39° F. Exped. 1891. One specimen. The depth is exceptional for the genus. In general structural features this species approaches the widespread C. flam (Pallas), though it is a much gmaUer form with correspondingly fewer somites. It has the similar conspicuous, purplish brown, dorsal cirri arising from a non-pigmented base, but lacks the other dark markings so conspicuous in flava and does not present the more brightly yellow tips to the setae. The branchiae and setae differ clearly from those of flava in details of form and structure. 32 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. EUPHROSYNIDAE. These are forms of small or medium size in which the body is oblong or elliptic, with the dorsum in some degree arched and the venter flattened. The number of somites is comparatively small, being mostly between twenty and sixty. The prostomium is small and compressed and bends down anteriorly to the ventral surface. It bears typically four eyes, two dorsal and two ventral, and three tentacles, a median and two lateral ones arising ventrally, or rarely no tentacles present (Lophonta). Palpi adnate at border of mouth. A caruncle present, distinct. Mouth ventral, extending over several somites. Parapodia with rami fused and extending as a transverse ridge upon the dorsum toward the median line, the ridge bearing setae and branchiae. A ventral cnrus and from one to three dorsal cirri present. The branchiae on the dorsal extension of the parapodia are arranged in transverse series, in such manner that with the accompanying setae they leave free only a narrow median longitudinal band. The branchiae are branched, pennatifid, or arborescent. Setae simple, the ventral ones commonly unequally and conspicuously bifurcate distally. Dorsal setae rarely replaced by stout paleae. Pygidium with two processes or an undivided rim. The euphrosynids may occur at considerable depths, but are most frequent in the Uttoral region as with the amphinomids. The genus Lophonta of Costa is insufficiently known. It is placed with Euphrosyne tentatively because of the arrangement of the gills in transverse series. Key to Genera. a. Tentacles absent Lophonta Costa. aa. Tentacles present. h. Only one dorsal cirrus; dorsal setae in the form of large flat paleae. . . . Palmyrcuphrosyne Fauvel. bb. Two (or three) dorsal cirri present; dorsal setae not thus modiSicd. .. .Euphrosyne Savigny. Euphrosyne Savigny. Descript. Egypte. Hist, nat., 1809 (= 1822], 1, pt. 3, p. 63; Audouin & Milne Edwaed.s, Hist. nat. litt. France. Annclides, 183-1, 2, p. 124; Ehlers, Borstenwiirmcr, 1861, p. 61; Gkube, Annulata Semperiana, 1878, p. 11; McIntosh, British annelids, 13D0, 1, pt. 2, p. 233. Euphrosine Cuvier, Regne anim. ed. 2, 1829, 3, p. 199; Blainville, Diet. sci. nat., 1828, 57, p. 199. EUPHROSYNE PANAMICA. 33 EUPHEOSYNE PANAMICA, Sp. nOV. Plate 12, fig. 7, 8; Plate 13, fig. 1-7. The general color of the type is at present yellowish gray. The body in outhne is oblong with the anterior end rounded; narrower from the middle caudad, with the caudal end also rounded; the sides of the anterior region between the middle and the convex anterior end are straight and parallel or nearly so. The total length of the type is nearly 14 mm. and the greatest width over all 6.5 mm. The number of setigerous somites counted in the type is thirty-five. The naked median dorsal stripe is narrow, being only about one sixth the total width in the median region or one fourth excluding the setae. The stripe is smooth. The caruncle is a slender smooth finger-like or cirriform process projecting freely caudad, crossing the fifth somite and in the type touching the anterior border of the sixth. It is acuminate caudad. The unpaired tentacle presents the usual slender, tlu-ead-hke distal article; it scarcely reaches caudad of the middle of the caruncle when laid along the latter. The paired tentacles are much longer than the median and are of about the same thickness and general form as the caruncle and lack a terminal filament; they reach three fourths the distance to the caudal end of the caruncle when laid back along the latter. On the ventral surface of the head the palpi together form a heart-shaped . cushion with the tip forwards. This cushion is longitucUnally divided by a deep furrow. Its surface is whoUy smooth. It is bordered by the first and second somites and is touched caudally by the third. The median fold of the lower lip is cordate in outline with the apex directed caudad. It is much smaller than the lobe formed by the palpi. The apex extends to the middle of the fifth somite. The lobe is crossed by distinct radiat- ing furrows. It is bordered by part of the third and the fourth somites, while its apex extends into the fifth. The branchiae are short, the long setae projecting much beyond their distal ends though not so the shorter ones. On each side of each somite there are for the most part twelve branchiae. The branchiae in each row are closest together at the ectal end of the series and the space between the first and second from the mesal end of the series is distinctly larger than that between any other two. Each branchia presents a short stout trunk wiiich divides typically into two branches which bear the many terminal twigs, each of which ends in a con- 34 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. spicuous bud-like expansion which is drawn out into an acute point. The branches of adjoining branchiae intermingle so that when a series is viewed from above only a continuous brush-like band appears, the separate branchiae not being distinguishable in dorsal view. The cirri are simple thread-like structures which do not surpass the branchiae in length. The dorsal and lateral or intermediate cirri are similar. The lateral dorsal cirrus is inserted opposite the fourth (or third?) branchia. The dorsal setae extend in transverse series parallel with the row of branchiae entirely across the dorsal ridge to the outermost branchia and are not separated by any distinct empty space from the lateral setae. The principal dorsal setae rise clearly above the tops of the branchiae. Each is forked in the usual way. The principal prong is long and straight or with a weak double curve. The smaller branch curves a Uttle outward. (Plate 12, fig. 3). Both prongs are wholly smooth. In a second type of dorsals the setae are similar excepting for being shorter and finer. (Plate 13, fig. 4). In addition there are characteristic short dorsal setae which are strongly clubbed at the distal end. In these the distal enlargement is cleft from one side in a plane that curves caudad, sepa- rating a lower lobe with convex inner face from an upper one with concave inner surface. The inner surface of each of these lobes is transversely ridged along each border. (Plate 12, fig. 7; Plate 13, fig. 1, 2). Somewhat similar setae exist in E. triloba Ehlers and in E. myrtosa (Savigny). The upper ventral setae are as long as the dorsals, the lowermost much shorter. They are similarly furcate but are rather more slender. As with the dorsals, no teeth occur on the prongs. In the shorter ventral setae the principal prong may have but a single weak curve, or it may be straight and acute; while the minor prong may be reduced to a minute acute tooth. (Plate 13, fig. 5, 6). Locality. Panama: Perico Island. Shore. 26 October, 1904. Two specimens. This species in the general character and number of its branchiae approaches E. capensis Kinberg. The latter is larger (40-50 mm.) with a much larger number of somites (between fifty and sixty). The ventral setae have their prongs serrate instead of wholly smooth. The caruncle is longer, extending over eight somites instead of only five. That species would seem also to lack the characteristic clavate dorsal setae. The present species also has close similarities to E. limbaia Moore ; but in the latter there is but one type of setae, the peculiar cleft clavate form being absent and the branchiae seem not to have the conspicuous, bud-like terminal enlargements. POLYNOIDAE. 35 POLYNOIDAE. In this family the body is flattened and narrow with the sides nearly parallel, or else broader and oval and elliptic and in other cases elongate and more typi- cally vermiform. Prostomium distinct, convex. Facial tubercle absent or weakly developed. Eyes four. Two lateral tentacles and in most cases also a median tentacle present. Palpi present, elongate. First somite, or peristomium, bearing usually setae in reduced number. Two pairs of elongate cirri, the ventral cirrus of the succeeding somite also ordinarily very elongate. Parapodia biramous with ventral cirri and dorsally in part notocirri and in part elytra. Elytra borne on somites II, IV, V, VII and so on, on the odd somite to the twenty third, after which, when elytra occur at all, two cirriferous somites are ordinarily intercalated between two bearing elytra; more rarely the anterior ones on II, IV, VI, VIII, and X. (Hemilepidia). Setae all simple. Dorsal setae with sunple or bifid and more or less hooked tips. Pygidium with two anal cirri. Proboscis distally with a single circle of equal papillae; armed with four horny jaws. The polynoids live under a great variety of conditions, some at considerable depths, but the greater number in shallower water along the shores, among Algae, growths of eel-grass (Zostera), bryozoans, and hydroids, such being various species of Lepidonotus, Polynoe, Halosydna, etc. In contrast with the sluggish movements of most, some swim freely and with considerable agility and gracefulness, e.g., Halosydna gelatinosa M. Sars. (Gravier, Nouv. arch. Mus. hist, nat., 1901, ser. 4, 3, p. 206) and a few forms, such as Drieschia pelagica Michaelsen, Nectochaeta, and Plotolepis, gen. nov., are pelagic. Many are commensals, different forms living in association with sponges (e.g., Lagisca hexactinellidae and Polynoe eupledellae occurring in Eupledella aspergillum and having a corresponding remarkable transparency); coelenterates {e.g., Polynoe ruiilans Grube, occurring on and matching in coliy an alcyonarian, Xenia); starfishes, many polynoids placing themselves in the ambulacral grooves near the mouth and apparently there securing fragments of food escaping the star- fish (e.g., the well-attested case of Acholoe astericola Delle Chiaji occurring on Astropecten aurantiacus (Linne), A. bispinosus (Otto), A. irregularis (Pennant), 36 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. and probably others, Harmothoe lunulata also occurring on the latter) ; ophiurans (e.g., Scalisetosus communis on Ophiothrix alopecurus Miiller & Troschel and 0. fragilis (Abild.)); sea-urchins (e.g., Scalisetosus echini on Echinus esculentus Linne to which it presents a clearly mimetic resemblance and Hololepidella commensaUs Willey on Clypeaster humilis Ceylon pearl oyster fisheries report, 1905, pt. 4, p. 251); holothurians {e.g., Lepidasthenia pulchra Johnston on Stichopus calif ornicus (Stimpson) which it matches in color); molluscs {e.g., this same Lepidasthenia pulchra occurring in the cavity between mantle and foot in Lucapina crenulata); other annelids, this group and that of the echino- derms being the ones which bear polynoids in greatest numbers, these having been noted in association with serpulids, terebellids, arenicolids, chaetopterids, cirratulids and even eunicids, an interesting case being that noted by Webster in which Harmothoe parasitica fives under the elytra of Lepidametria commen- saUs which in turn is itself parasitic on Amphitrite ornata (Trans. Albany insti- tute, 1879, p. 9) ; Enteropneusta {Lepidasthenia digueti Gravier in association with a Balanoglossus from the Gulf of Cafifornia cf. Gravier, Bull. Soc. philom., 1905, ser. 9, 7, pt. 3, p. 160) ; and tunicates {e.g., Herdmanella ascidioides Mcin- tosh) , in the branclual chamber of an ascidian, probably a Styela, see Darboux, Bufi. sci. France & Belgique, 1900, 30, p. 11, etc.). As with the aphroditids, the polynoids frequently themselves bear various other animals, including protozoans, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, other annefids, and Crustacea, some members of which seem to be the parasites most common {e.g., species of Sefius, Silenium, and Selioides, see St. Joseph, Ann. sci. nat., 1888, ser. 7, 5, p. 141). Like other aphroditoids, the polynoids are carnivorous, feeding upon such forms as sponges, hydroids, other annelids and crustaceans and more rarely small moUuscs. Of very great interest in the present Albatross cofiection are tfie pelagic members of the Polynoidae which add four species, including three new genera, to the six species previously knowTi. The ten forms are as fofiows : — 1. Polynoe pelagica Viguier Arch. zool. exper., 1886, ser. 2, 4, p. 416. Medi- terranean. 2. Polynoe innatans, sp. nov. Eastern south Pacific. 3. Nectochaeta grimaldi Marenzeller, Bull. Soc. zool. France, 1892, 17, p. 183. North Atlantic. 4. Harmopsides natans, gen. et sp. nov. Coast of Peru and at several stations northward to the latitude of Central America. POLYNOIDAE. 37 5. Drieschia pelagica Michaelsen, Jahrb. Hamb. ^^^ss. anstal., 1892, 9, p. 6, fig. 15-18. Off Ceylon. 6. Plotolepis nans, gen. et. sp. nov. Pacific near Easter Island. 7. Plotolepis pellucida (Moore), Proc. Acad. sci. Phil., 1903, p. 794, pi. 50, fig. 1-12. From the Atlantic ofT Massachusetts. 8. Podarmus ploa, gen. et sp. nov. Pacific off Easter Island. 9. Quetiera pelagica Viguier, Ann. sci. nat., 1911, ser. 9, 13, p. 252; 1912, ser. 9, 15, p. 89, pi. 2, 3, f. 1-6. Mediterranean. 10. Frenna dubia Viguier, op. cit., 1912, ser. 9, 15, p. 94, pi. 2, 3, f. 11. MecUterranean. Ehlers thinks it possible that his Herdmanella gracilis from off the African coast is a pelagic form ; but this is uncertain as it was among forms secured at depths from 1,500 to 2,000 meters in the vertical net. (Deutsch. tiefsee-exped. Valdivia, 1908, 16, p. 44, pi. 5, f. 1^). Key to Genera. a. With only two tentacles. b. With a facial tubercle; notopodial setae finer than the neuropodials. c. Eyes present; elytra with surface in part papillose Iphione Kinberg. cc. No eyes; elytra smooth Iphionella Mcintosh. 6&. No facial tubercle; notopodial setae coarser than the neuropodials Bylgides, nom. nov. aa. With three tentacles. b. Lateral antennae inserted at margin of prostomium. c. Pelagic forms; these comparatively short, colorless and transparent; setae ordinarily con- spicuously elongate or of a special natatory tj-pe. d. Parapodia strictly uniramous, the notopodium represented by neither lobe, aciculum or setae. e. Notocirri unequally developed, those of the anterior region and alternate ones in the posterior region decidedly elongate and more or less inflated. . . .Plotolepis, gen. nov. ee. Notocirri not thus very unequally developed. /. Setae of one type, fine, capillary, and long. g. Neurocirri attached near the middle of neuropodium or proximad of it, the first elongate but all others very small, falling clearly short of attaining the distal end. Quetieria Viguier. gg. Neurocirrus attached far distad of middle of neuropodium, the distal end of wliich it much surpasses Frenna Viguier. //. Setae of two forms, one long and fine and the other shorter and stouter, all with tips entire. g. Parapodia all with a conspicuous, though short, cylindrical or somewhat clavate process from posterior surface just above insertion of neurocirrus; coarser ventral setae straight, nearly as long as the dorsals and equally as numerous. Podarmus, gen. nov. gg. Parapodia with no such process from the caudal side; coarser ventral setae much fewer and verj' much shorter than the finer dorsals, and more or less sigmoidally curved Drieschia Michaelsen. dd. Parapodia biramous. e. With a median process or "sub tentacular cirrus" beneath the median tentacle; no noto- podial setae; pairs of elytra eighteen Harmopsides, gen. nov. ee. With no sub tentacular cirrus; in each notopodium a stout seta in addition to the aciculum; pairs of elj^tra eleven Nectochaeta Marenzeller. 38 THE ANNELIDA POLY€HAETA. cc. Non-pelagic forms; these pigmented and more or less opaque; setae ordinary. d. Elytra arranged in the usual manner in the family. e. Somites more or less numerous, with the body long and vermiform; notopodia abortive, with its setae few or none; elytra commonly much reduced in size. /. Ventral cirri bearing conspicuous wart-like tubercles Perolepis Ehlcrs. ff. Ventral cirri as usual, smooth. g. Elytra occurring in pairs tliroughout Lepidasthenia Malmgren. gg. Certain somites having an elytron on one side paired with a cirrus on the other. Lepidameirea Webster. ee. Body mostly short and depressed, proportionately broader, and somites fewer. /. First pair of elytra of normal size, all others exceedingly small; elytra twelve pairs; no notopodial setae Hermenia Grube. //. Elytra not thus. g. Median tentacle inserted dorsally. h. Inserted on the anterior region of the prostomium; notopodial setae coarser than the ventrals Allmaniella Mcintosh. hh. Inserted on the posterior region of prostomium. i. Parapodia without notopodial setae Admeiella Mcintosh. ii. Notopodial setae present, coarser than the ventrals Macellicephala Mcintosh. gg. Median tentacle inserted marginally. h. With a subtentacular process or " cirrus " ; dorsal setae coarser than the ventrals. Eulagisca Mcintosh. hh. With no such subtentacular process. i. Notopodial setae finer than the neuropodials. j. Prostomium anteriorly with distinct peaks which bear the lateral tentacles. k. With vesicular expansions about bases of elytrophores and cirrophores; pairs of elytra twenty Physalidonolus Ehlers. kk. With no such vesicular expansions. I. Elytra eighteen pairs or more Halosydna Kinbcrg. II. Elytra twelve or thirteen pairs. m. Palpi short and blunt, exceeded by the tentacles; styles of lateral tentacles short and conical; eyes none Bathynoe Ditlevsen.' mm. Palpi and styles normal, tentacles not exceeding the former; eyes present. n. Elytra thirteen pairs Euphione Mcintosh. nn. Pairs of elytra twelve. 0. Notopodial setae with series of pectinae Lepidonohis Leach. 00. Notopodials of two kinds, one wholly smooth . . Thorinora Baird. ]j. Prostomium without such anterior peaks; elytra fifteen pairs. Malmgrenia Mcintosh. ii. Notopodial setae coarser than the ventrals. j. Pairs of elytra eighteen, or more. I. Neuropodial setae with apices bidentate; pairs of elytra eighteen. Alentia Malmgren. II. Neuropodial setae with apices entire; pairs of elytra twenty-one or twenty- two Psetidohalosydna Fauvel. dd. Elytra arranged as usual anteriorly but occurring on all somites in the posterior region. Hololepida Moore. 66. Lateral antennae inserted ventrally. c. Body long and vermiform. d. Elytra completely covering the body; notopodial setae finer than the ventrals. Acholoe Claparede. dd. Dorsum in part uncovered. e. Anterior elytra on somites 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 Hemilepidia Schmarda. ee. Anterior elytra as usual, on somites 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 11. /. No notopodial setae; neuropodials with tips entire Heteropolynoe Bidenkap. //. Notopodial setae present. •The number of pairs of elytra not definitely stated by Ditlevsen for this genus, but presumably as in Lepidonotus. Cf. Danish Ingolf-Expcd., 1917, i, pt. 4, p. 42. POLYNOIDAE. 39 g. Elytra fifteen pairs, all in the anterior region; notopodial setae commonly finer than the neuropodials. h. Prostomium rounded anteriorly, without peaks Enipo Malmgren. hh. Prostomium with anterior peaks. i. Neuropodial setae distally bifid; notopodials with transverse rows of spines or pectinae Polynoe Savigny . ii. Neuropodial setae distally entire; notopodials simply serrate . Nemidia Malmgren. gg. Elytra not thus confined to the anterior region; notopodials not finer than the neuro- podial setae Polycunoa Mcintosh. Body short and more or less depressed, more rarely sublinear. d. Dorsum normally completely covered with the elytra. e. Median antenna inserted at the margin. /. Parapodia uniramoas Polynoella Mcintosh. //. Parapodia biramous. g. Notocirri alternately short and long; dorsal setae stouter than the ventrals. Kermadecella Darboux. gg. Notocirri all of the same length. h. Notopodial setae of same thickness as the neuropodials Intoshella Darboux. hh. Notopodials not of same thickness as the neuropodial setae. i. Notopodials stouter than the neuropodials, or at least equal to them. j. Notopodials smooth Meloenis Mcintosh. jj. Notopodials with transverse rows of spines. k. Body linear or sublinear; tips of neuropodial setae wholly straight, bifid, with the incision very fine Eucranta Malmgren. kk. Body elliptic or ovate oblong; tips of neuropodials obviously more or less curved, when bifid the teeth diverging. I. Elytra sixteen pairs Leucia Malmgren. U. Elytra fifteen pairs. TO. Elytra smooth Laenilla Malmgren. mm. Elytra granular or scabrous. n. Anterior eyes situated on the peaks, small, ventral or subventral; peaks close to the median tentacle Harmothoe Kinberg. nn. Anterior eyes farther caudad, larger, lateral in position; peaks usually well separated from the median tentacle. 0. Neuropodial setae with tips entire. p. Tips of neuropodials long and fine Antinoe Kinberg. pp. Tips of neuropodials short, not hair-like. 5. Head very broad; ceratophore of median tentaele ex-tends between peaks caudad of middle of prostomium; anterior eyes much larger than the caudal .... Phyllaniinoe Mcintosh. gq. Head not unusually broad, and ceratophore of median an- tenna not extending caudad of middle. . . .Eunoe Malmgren. 00. Neuropodials with tips bifid Evarnclla, nom. nov. ii. Notopodials finer than the neuropodial setae, typically in part thread-like distally. j. Notopodials smooth Roherlianella Mcintosh. jj. Notopodials with transverse rows of spines. it. Ventral setae with tips entire GaUyana Mcintosh. kk. Ventral setae with tips bifid Paranychia Czerniawsky. ee. Median antenna not inserted at the margin. /. IMedian antenna inserted dorsally. Notopodial setae of same thickness as the finer of the ventrals, these being of two kinds Herdmanella Darboux. ff. Median antenna inserted ventrally. Notopodial setae of two kinds, all finer than the neuropodials Gastroceratella Darboux. dd. Dorsum normally left in part uncovered by the elytra. Median antenna inserted at the margin; notopodial setae coarser than the ventrals. e. Notopodial setae with transverse series of spinules Lagisca Malmgren. ee. Notopodial setae simply serrate or wholly smooth. /. Notopodials smooth; tip of ventrals simple Hermadion Kinberg. //. Notopodials serrate; tip of ventrals bifid Scalisetosm Mcintosh. 40 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. Synonymy of Genera. Nychia Malmgren being preoccupied is replaced by Gattyana Mcintosh. Evarne Malmgren is also preoccupied (Adams, Moll., 1858) and is here replaced by Evarnella, nom. nov. Bylgia Theel is preoccupied (Miinst., Crust.) and is replaced by Bylgides, nom. nov. Langerhansia Mcintosh is preoccupied by Langerhansia Czerniawsky, a syUid genus. Eupolynoe seems first to have been used by Mcintosh without diagnosis or discussion. He at that time placed under it (Ann. mag. nat. hist., 1874, ser. 4, 13, p. 264) two new species, occiden- talis and anticostiensis. The first seems to conform to Eucranta Malmgren and is quite likely E. villosa Malmgren, type of the genus; anticostiensis is appar- ently a Harmothoe. Accordingly Eupolynoe is suppressed. Hololepidella Willey (Ceylon pearl oyster fisheries report 1905, pt. 4, p. 251) seems identical with Lepidametria Webster. Adyte St. Joseph is regarded as a synonym of Scalisetosus Mcintosh. Parapolynoe Czerniawsky does not seem sufficiently different from Polynoe to make separation justifiable. Norepea Johnston (1865) falls as a synonym to IpMone Kinberg. It was established with Polynoe peronea Schmarda as the type, but that species is the same as Iphione muricata (Savigny). Plotolepis, gen. nov.^ Body short and slender, with the somites comparatively few. Eyes four, small, sessile, the anterior pair more widely separated and those on each side close together. Prostomium bearing anteriorly a median and two lateral tentacles. Parapodia lacking notopodial lobe and notopodial setae. Neuropodia elongate, with setae numerous. Setae in two groups, a smaller ventral one of coarser hairs and a dorsal one of much more numerous finer hairs. Heads of setae scaled, tips entire. Notocirri of two types, most of them being conspicu- ously elongate, all in the anterior region and in the posterior region those of alternate pairs, the intermediate ones of normal character. In the type the elongate cirri are gi-eatly inflated and apparently act as floats. The elytra are borne on somites II, IV, V, VII, IX, XI, XIII, XV, XVII, XIX, and XXI. They are very small, with elytrophores large; not at all extend- ing over dorsum, each reaching but httle beyond its elytrophore. All but the most posterior ones inflated, vesicular. ' 7rXco7ds, floating, and Xe?ris, scale. PLOTOLEPIS NANS. 41 Genotype. — P. nans, sp. nov. This genus is characterized especially by the remarkable modification of a definite number of the notocirri into the elongate and more or less inflated organs above described and also by the vesicular character and greatly reduced size of the anterior elytra. These modifications clearly suggest adaptations to the pelagic habit which is relatively uncommon in the family. Moore's Drieschia pellucida (Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phila., 1903, p. 794, pi. 50, f. 1-12), taken in the Atlantic off Woods Hole, is clearly also a member of this genus, presenting the same inequaUty in the notocirri, the vesicular elytra, and similar form and general proportions of the setae. Plotolepis nans, sp. nov.^ Plate 7, fig. 3, 4. The body and its appendages in general are colorless or but sHghtly tinged with brown, apparently from preservation, and are transparent or translucent. The eyes are black and the setae are colorless and transparent. The body is very short. It is widest in the anterior half where the diame- ter does not vary much ; but from near the middle caudad it narrows uniformly and conspicuously. The tj^e is but 6.4 mm. in length. The greatest width over all, that is from tip to tip of opposite setae, is 7 mm., thus exceeding the length ; and the mdth across the body alone is but 1 mm. The total of somites in the type is only twenty-one. The number of pairs of elytra is eleven. The prostomium is about three fourths as long as wide. On each side it is evenly convex or weakly angular at the middle. Anteriorly it presents an excision in which the cirratophore of the median tentacle fits. On each side of this the horn of the prostomium bears the lateral tentacle. It is convex above and has the usual mecUan longitudinal furrow, wliich is narrow and weak mesally but mdens anteriorly where it passes into the anterior incision and posteriorly where a narrow triangular tongue extends into it from the second somite. The four eyes are small as usual, with the anterior a httle the larger. The anterior eyes are much more widely separated than the posterior, and are situated on the sides of the head, the posteriors being more dorsal and each facing ectocaudad. The two eyes on each side are separated by less than their ' nans, a swimmer. 42 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. diameter. The ceratophore of the median tentacle is longer and much thicker than those of the laterals and narrows moderately distad; the style is long and slenderly uniformly tapered, reaching to the sixth somite. The ceratophore of each lateral tentacle is contiguous proximally with that of the median, narrows distad so as to have the form of the frustum of a cone, and projects cephalo- ectad; the style is clearly less than half as long as the median and reaches only to the second somite. The palpi are long and cyhndrical, narrowing gradu- ally toward the end and then more abruptly into a much more slender tip. They greatly exceed the lateral tentacles in length. (Plate 7, fig. 3). The tentacular cirri, that is, the cirri of the peristomial parapodia, are attached at a level a little caudad of the middle of the prostomium. The dorsals and ventrals are equal in length, which much exceeds that of the median ten- tacle, reaching to the eighth or ninth somite. The metastomial somites are strongly convex above, more flattened ven- trally. The first above is produced forward at the middle into a triangular tongue extending over the caudal border of the prostomium and fitting in the middorsal furrow of the latter. These somites increase in length to the fifth or sixth in which the length is equal to that of the prostomium and the width about two and a third times the length. In the seventh or eighth soinite from the caudal end the width is scarcely or not at all more than one and a half times the length, which remains actually about as in the somites of the middle region. There are no sharply defined intersegmental furrows. The anal cirri are missing. The parapodia are long and relatively slender, excepting those of peri- stomium and first metastomial somite much exceeding the width of the somites to which attached. Each parapodium is widest a little distad of the base from where in outline as viewed from above it is at first of uniform width and then from near the middle narrows to the distal end at wliich it is compressed to an edge. Just proximad of the distal end it is raised into a thin ridge or plate both above and below so that the outline as viewed from in front or behind increases in height distad of the middle, again descending to the somewhat pointed distal end. At the distal end it is produced into a subtriangular, dis- tally somewhat rounded, presetal process or lip. There is no distinct post- setal lip. There is no distinctly indicated notopodial lobe and there are no notopodial setae. The notocirri are attached at the extreme bases of the para- podia above. Their cirrophores are typically remarkably inflated above the pedicel-hke bases into subcylindrical bladder-like cushions or vesicles which in the middle region of the body greatly exceed the adjacent elytrophores in PLOTOLEPIS NANS. 43 size; the cirrophores of the first pak of notocirri are smaller than those of the immediately succeeding pairs, while those of the caudal region are in part more markedly reduced, with correspondingly shortened styles, the most posterior ones being smaller than the adjacent elytrophores. The styles of the longer type of notocirri are for the most part remarkably long, those of the first pair, e.g., when laid back caudad, reaching to the twelfth somite, being decidedly stouter and much longer than the tentacular cirri and in the type having an actual length of 3.5 mm. The styles of the second and third pairs of notockri are missing in all the types, but the cirrophores of these pairs are decidedly larger than those of the first pair, those of the third being largest of all, and the size of the basal scars would incUcate that the styles were of proportionate length. The cirrophores of the fourth pair are again reduced but are larger than those of the first pau-; in one paratype in which the style on one side is still present, the latter is seen to exceed in actual length that of the first pair, and when laid back, to extend over the eight succeeding somites, reaching thus from its own somite (the tenth) to the nineteenth. The fifth pair of notocirri are abruptly very different from the preceding ones, having an ordinary non-inflated cirro- phore smaller than adjacent elytrophores and bearing a style of ordinary form and size, this extending only to or scarcely beyond the middle of the parapodium. The next notocirri, the sixth, are again of the inflated type, with styles a Uttle shorter than those of the fourth pair, the seventh are again of the reduced type, the eighth again long, and so on. Thus there are the very elongate special notocirri on somites III, VI, VIII, X, XIV, and XVIII (in the type that of the eighteenth is relatively short though long in the paratype) ; short ordinary notocirri on somites XII, XVI, and probably XX. The neurocirri of the first metastomial pair of parapodia are attached at the extreme base of the latter; they are long and tapered, extending cUstad beyond the tips of the setae of the parapodium. All succeeding nem-ocirri attached a little proximad of the middle of parapodium, and short, failing much of attaining the end of the parapodium, in those of the middle region by as much as or more than their own length. Elytra are borne on somites II, IV, V, VII, IX, XI, XIII, XV, XVII, XIX, and apparently also in a much reduced condition on XXI. The elytrophores in general are stout and cylindrical and extend dorsoectad from the bases of the parapodium. Most elytra are missing, but a few remain in one paratype. These are all small, having in general a maximum diameter only about twice that of the elytrophore. In outUne each is broadly ear-shaped or suborbicular with an indentation on the exterior side and toward the anterior end. They are 44 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. inflated and vesicular, upper and lower surfaces being decidedly convex, and are essentially smooth. The elytra of the nineteenth somite are smaller, each capping the long elytrophore and extending but little beyond it on each side; it is more nearly orbicular, lacking the indentation on the outer side. The neuropodial setae are arranged in a vertical plane in which they spread out in a fan-hke manner. They are of two distinct types in a dorsal and ventral group respectively. The ventral group consists in most cases of two setae but often of three and sometimes of up to four or five in the middle region of the .body, wluch are shorter and stouter than the others with the heads short and not finely extended at the tip. The setae of the dorsal group are much longer and more slender throughout and much more numerous, the number being ordinarily from twelve to eighteen in parapodia of the middle region of the body, becoming fewer in the anterior region. In the ventral type the head is in out- line somewhat like that of the head of a spear with one side slightly concave, the other shghtly convex, with the tip bent a httle toward one side; seriate finely pectinate scales occur along the concave side from base to tip of the head in two partly interlocking series; there is no subapical tooth. (Plate 7, fig. 4). In the setae of the dorsal group the heads are more slender and much more elongate, being drawn out distally above the series of scales into a long, very fine, smooth tip which is commonly more or less curved. In the first metas- tomial parapodia of the type only setae of the first, stout type are present, there being five of these in each; in a paratype a seta of somewhat intermediate form appears. No setae were detected on the peristomial parapodium. Locality. Easter Island: 29 miles northeast of North Cape. Sta. 4694, (lat. 26° 34' S., long. 108° 57' 30" W.). Surface. 22 December, 1904. Four specimens. It is possible that the type-specimens of tliis species are not wholly grown; but they are so strongly characterized that there is no likelihood of difficulty of recognition. The most salient features of the form are those manifestly adap- tive to its pelagic Ufe, such as the long parapodia and setae, the inflated though small elytra, and particularly the greatly elongate, apparently pneumatic notocirri. As judged by the much inflated and large cirrophores, the style of the notocirri on the sixth somite, missing in the types, must have been of most 6 xceptional length. PODARMUS. 45 , 1 PoDARMXJS, gen. nov. Body short, tapering caudad, composed of comparatively few somites. Colorless and transparent. Prostomium wider than long, divided by a median furrow. Bearing three tentacles all of which are inserted marginally. Ceratophore distinct, the style smooth and tapering. Palpi long and slender, gradually acuminate. Parapodia uniramous, long (typically exceeding in length the width of the somite), at the distal end compressed anterocaudally and divided by a vertical fissure into a presetal Up and a shorter postsetal lip. Notocirrus attached toward base of parapodium above, long. Neurocirri attached distad of middle, short and subulate. A conspicuous cylindrical process extends from the caudal face near the same level as the neurocirrus than which it is much stouter but shorter. Only neuropodial setae present, these consisting of stouter ventral ones and but Uttle more elongate though much more slender dorsal ones, the head in these being very much more drawn out. The two forms equal in number or nearly so. Tips entire. No special natatory setae. Character of elytra not known. Elytrophores in type fourteen pairs, occurring on somites II, IV, V, VII and alternate somites to XXIII inclusive and then on XXVI and XXIX. Genotype. — P. ploa, sp. nov. Apparently this form is mostly closely related to Drieschia Michaelsen, but it differs in possessing the characteristic posterior process on the parapodia and conspicuously in the form and proportions of the setae. In the present form the two types of setae are obviously a modification of the same primary type, and the coarser ventrals are nearly as long as the dorsals and are numerous, being essentially equal in nmnber to the dorsals with which they are not inter- mingled. In Drieschia pelagica Michaelsen, type of that genus, as indicated by Michaelsen' s description and figures, the stout setae are proportionately to the dorsals very much shorter, more or less strongly curving sigmoidally, and very much fewer than the fine dorsals, which in turn proportionately to the parapodia are very much longer. ' -irovs, foot, and ap/ids, a peg, in reference to the cylindrical process borne on the posterior side of the parapodium. 46 . THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. PODARMXJS PLOA, Sp. nOV.^ Plate 6, fig. 6; Plate 7, fig. f. 1, 2. Color indeterminable from types because of their darkening in the fixing fluid. Probably colorless and transparent like most other pelagic species of annelids. Body comparatively short. Widest toward anterior end, the anterior end narrowing a little and the body narrowing very gradually and continuously caudad. Length of type nearly 9 mm.; width over all, that is to end of setae, about 4.2 mm. Total number of segments thirty. Number of pairs of ely- trophores fourteen. The prostomium is wider than long. It bulges out on each side but the outline laterally is rather evenly convex, not at all angular. The prostomium is divided symmetrically as usual by a deep median longitudinal furrow. Each half is subquadrate, not at all somewhat diamond-shaped as in Harmopsides. The ceratophores of the tentacles are cylindrical and extend directly forward. That of the median tentacle is stouter and longer in a paratype, but differing slightly in the type. The styles of the tentacles are broken off excepting one lateral one in a paratype. This is slender and terete, distally narrowing gradu- ally to an acute point, not abruptly reduced to a filament. It is considerably shorter than the palpus. The palpi are slender and gradually acuminate, not abruptly reduced distally. The parapodia of the peristomium occupy the usual position. The distal . ends of the ceratophores are nearly on a level with the anterior end of the pro- stomium. The dorsal cirrus is gradually attenuate tliroughout its length. It exceeds the palpus in length. Ventral cirri missing. Dorsal surface of metastomial segments convex, the ventral more flat- tened as usual. Neural ridge evident, rather narrow, set off by shallow fur- rows. No anal cirri. Parapodia in the types as preserved relatively long, exceeding in length the width of the segments to which attached. Subconically enlarged at base in the usual way; distad of elytrophores and dorsal cirri slender and nearly cylindrical, but a little less in diameter at middle than more distad. The end region of each parapodium is flattened in the anteroposterior direction and in dorsal view appears narrowed distad; the end is divided by a subvertical fissure sepa- ' TrXojds, floating. PODARMUS PLOA. 47 rating a presetal lip from a little less shorter postsetal lip. Between the apical Ups the setae are inserted in vertical series and spread out in a conspicuously fan-hke form. The notopodial lobe is represented by a low, rounded elevation and bears no setae. Each dorsal cirrus is attached toward the base as usual; the cirrophore is swollen, narrowed distad; the style is proximally rather stout, evenly attenuated distad and reaching to near the tips of the longest setae and in life probably exceeding them. The ventral cirrus attached distad of the middle of parapodium ; short and subulate, not fully reaching end of neuropodium. Elytra all missing. Elytrophores cylindrical, of moderate length, fourteen pairs inserted on the following somites: II, IV, V, VII and alternate segments to the twenty tliii'd and then on XXVI and XXIX. The neuropodial setae are arranged in a vertical plane in which they spread out more or less in fan-like manner. They are of two distinct types: a ventral group of which the members are shorter and stouter, both proportionately and actually, with the heads shorter and less slender at tip; and a dorsal group of longer and more slender setae in which the heads are elongate and apically slenderly drawn out. In setae of the ventral group the head is spear-shaped in outline with the sides above the fusiform basal thickening first concave and then nearly straight, till at the tip one side is convex and the other concave, the acute tip bending over toward one side; on this side from base of head to tip are two series of a few well-separated scales; no subapical tooth. (Plate 7, fig. 1, 2). In the dorsal group the heads of the setae are much more narrow and elongate, with above the series of scales a very long and slender essentially smooth tip which is flexible and appears ordinarily more or less curved dorsad. (Plate 6, fig. 6) . The two kinds of setae are typically about equal in nimaber, there being fifteen of each, or a total of thirty in the parapodium of the type. The setae of the first metastomial parapodia are shorter, with the heads less elongate, the setae of the ventral type predominating. The acicula are small and neither pro- trudes from the surface. Locality. Off North Cape: Easter Island. Sta. 4694 (lat. 26° 34' S., long. 108° 57' 30" W.). Surface. 22 December, 1904. Three specimens. The specimens were fixed in Fleming's fluid. They are of varying sizes, and proba- bly even the largest is not fully grown. This form has a similar general appearance to Harmopsides nans, a simi- larly pelagic form. Both have similar comparatively short bodies with the number of elytra correspondingly reduced. The present species in life was doubtless transparent. The fixing of the types m Fleming's fluid, however, blackened the tissues. 48 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. Harmopsides, gen. nov.-' Body short, composed of comparatively few somites, colorless and trans- parent. Prostomium -nider than long, divided into two equal halves by a deep median furrow, each half in outline somewhat diamond-shaped. Tentacles three, inserted marginally. Ceratophores distinct and the styles smooth and subulate. Palpi comparatively long and slender, pointed. Parapodia long, with the notopodium represented only by a slight non- setigerous tubercle into which the tip of an aciculum extends. At the end of the neuropodium a digitiform presetal process into which the aciculum penetrates. Notocirri long. Neurocirri attached well distad of the middle of the parapodium, all small excepting the first which is attached near the base of the parapodium and in length is comparable to a tentacular cutus. Setae of two forms, both a modification of the same fundamental type, the first consisting of stouter ventrals with short heads and the second of much more numerous and greatly elongate finer ones of the dorsal portion of fascicle in which the heads are slenderly elongate. Apices of aU setae bifid or with a subapical tooth. Elytra not known. Eighteen pairs of elytrophores in the type-species, these occurring on somites II, IV, V, VII, IX, and then on alternate ones to the XXIII and thereafter on XXVI, XXIX, XXXII, XXXIV, XXXVII, and XL. Armature of the proboscis as usual in the family. Genotype. — H. natans, sp. nov. This genus is near Nectochaeta Marenzeller, erected for grimaldi Marenzeller, taken in the Atlantic. It is regarded as distinct especially because of the presence of the prominent subtentacular process, the absence of all notopodial setae, and the larger number of soinites, the elytra numbering eighteen pairs as against only eleven in Nectochaeta. Harmopsides natans, sp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 1-5. The body of the type as preserved having a very dilute yellow tinge but probably colorless in life, as are the paratypes at present, transparent. ' apuds, a peg, and Hn^j face, in reference to the subtentacular process. HARMOPSIDES NATANS. 49 Body short. It is widest near the sixth somite from where it tapers con- tinuously to the caudal end. The greatest width inclusive of the parapodia is attained a Uttle farther caudad, since the anterior parapodia are shorter than the succeeding ones, those toward the caudal end also decreasing in length. Dorsum convex, the venter less so and with a distinct neural ridge set off on each side by a sharply impressed narrow fiurow or sulcus. Length, 17 mm.; greatest width, exclusive of parapodia, 2 mm. ; width to tips of parapodia, 5.2 mm.; and to tips of setae nearly, 9.5 mm. Number of somites forty-four; number of pairs of elytra, eighteen. The prostomium is wider than long. On each side it protrudes strongly and angularly, the apex of the angle being at the middle of the length. It is separated into two equal halves by a deep median longitudinal furrow. Each half or lobe is prolonged dii-ectly forward into a terete and slightly clavate ceratophore which is somewhat constricted at the proximal end. Each eye of the anterior pair is located on the protruding lateral angle of the corresponding lobe. The eyes of the posterior pair are smaller in size, much closer together, and dorsal in position. Each is separated by about twice its diameter from the corresponding anterior one. The ceratophore of the median tentacle is inserted anteriorly between the two halves of the prostomium. It is cylindrical, some- what narrowed distad, and equal in length to the lateral ones. Proximally the style is of the same thickness as the ceratophore but tapers continuously and uniformly for about two thirds of its length and then more rapidly into a slender, filiform, and acutely pointed tip. Its total length, inclusive of ceratophore, is about four times the length of the prostomium proper. The styles of the lateral tentacles are of the same form as that of the median but are more slender and shorter. The palpi are comparatively slender. Each narrows from its base continuously to a slender acute tip, and in length is equal to the median tentacle or nearly so. (Plate 6, fig. 1). The peristomium shows distinctly above as a transverse band which is small, with its anterior margin convex. The parapodia extend obliquely for- wards, the distal ends of their cirrophores attaining the level of the anterior margin of the prostomium. Each bears a stout spine or aciculum and three small, curved, somewhat sickle-shaped, setae. Each cirrus tapers gradually to a slender tip, the upper one extending distad the same distance as the palpi while the inferior one is shorter. The parapodia are relatively long and, except in the anterior region, equal or surpass the width of the somite to which attached. Proximad of the elytro- 50 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. phores and dorsal cirrophores the parapodia are thicker anteroposteriorly and deeper, the dorsal hne rising dorsomesad while the ventral one remains hori- zontal ; distad of this they continue to narrow to the slight notopodial eminence, beyond which the nenropodium is very slender and more uniform in thickness. The neuropodium at the distal end is produced into a slender digitiform process through one side of the base of which the aciculum protrudes. The notopodium is a slight tubercle on the dorsal surface into which an aciculum extends but which bears no setae. The ventral cirrus is attached distad of the middle of the parapodium and is a small, slenderly subulate filament not attaining the end of the neuropodium. The dorsal cirri are found on the parapodia of the somites between those bearing elytra. In each of these beyond the swollen basal joint, or cirrophore the style continues as a gradually and slenderly acuminate fila- ment which reaches to or extends a little beyond the distal ends of the longest setae. The acicula are cUstally a little denser or less clearly transparent than proximally. The notopodial one is shorter and more slender than the neuro- podial. Only neuropodial setae are present. These are of two types. On the ventral side of the setigerous surface of the nem"opodium is a group of stout setae of ordinary length each of which ends in an asymmetrical, lanceolate head. (Plate 6, fig. 5) . A little below the apex of the head is a small subapical tooth and proximad of this, over the entire length of the more obUque side, is a close series of ovate, lanceolate scales. Above this ventral group are setae of a sec- ond type which are three or more times as numerous. These are of smaller ac- tual diameter and at the same time much longer, the longest being from two to three times the length of the ventrals. They are comparable in structure to ventral ones imagined as greatly stretched, giving an exceedingly long and slender and usually gently curved head along the convex side of which the scales are correspondingly more widely separated. (Plate 6, fig. 3, 4) . In each there is a small subapical tooth which seems to be easily lost. Some setae show the scales along two sides, but the scales on one of the sides form only a short series. The elytra are aU missing. Eighteen pairs of elytrophores are distinguish- able in the type. The elytrophores are subcylindrical and of moderate length, decreasing in diameter and length caudad. The bases of the parapodia between those bearing the elytrophores are somewhat more crassate than the others. The elytrophores occur on somites II, IV, V, VII, IX, and on alternate suc- ceeding somites to XXIII, and then on XXVI, XXIX, XXXII, XXXIV, XXXVII, and XL. HARMOTHOE HIRSUTA. 51 The two anal papillae are short, somewhat swollen at base, and slender distally. In a paratype from Sta. 4675, near 10 mm. long, the extended proboscis is 1.8 mm. long with its greatest diameter scarcely less. Along the distal edge there are nine ventral papillae and nine dorsal ones, these flattened and lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in outline. (Plate 6, fig. 2). Localities. Off the coast of Peru. Sta. 4668 (lat. 12° 9' S., long. 81° 45' W.). Surface. 19 November, 1904. One specimen (type). Off Peru. Sta. 4661 (lat. 10° 10' S., long. 82° 02' W.). 300 fms. to surface. 15 November, 1904. Four specimens. Off Palominos Light House: Peru. Sta. 4675 (lat. 12° 54' S., long. 78° 33' W.). 300 fms. to surface. 22 November, 1904. Two specimens. Off southwest coast of Central America. Sta. 4613 (lat. 9° 43' N., long. 86° 15' W.). Surface. Surface temp., 82-79° F. 19 October, 1904. Two specimens. Off Peru. Sta. 4663 (lat. 11° 20' S., long, 88° 55' W.). Surface. Surface temp., 69° F. 15 November, 1904. Two specimens. Off Peru. Sta. 4664 (11° 30' S., long, 87° 19' W.). Surface. Surface temp., 68° F. 17 November, 1904. One specunen. Off Peru. Sta. 4669 (lat. 12° 13' S., long. 80° 24' W.). Surface. Surface temp., 67° F. 19 November, 1904. Six specimens. Between Peru and Easter Island. Sta. 4676 (lat. 14° 29' S., long. 81° 24' W.). Surface. 5 December, 1904. Two specimens. Harmothoe Kinberg. Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 186.5, no. 4, p. 386; McIntosh, British annelids, 1900, 1, pt. 2, p. 313; Darboux, Bull. sci. France & Belgique, 1900, 30, p. 106 (in part). Eumolphe Oken, Lehrb. naturgesch., 1815, 1, p. 375 (in part) ; Blainville, Diet. sci. nat., 1828, 57, p. 457. Eupolynoe McInto.sh, Ann. mag. nat. hist., 1874, ser. 4, 10, p. 13 (in part). Harmothoe hirsuta Johnson. Plate 2, fig. 2-8; Plate 3, fig. 1. Proc. Cal. acad. sci. Zool., 1897, ser. 3, 1, p. 182; Ehlers,'Zoo1. jahrb. Suppl., 1901, 2, p. 253; Abhandl. K. gesellsch. wiss. Gottingen. Math. phys. klasse, 1901, p. 42. Two apparently immature specimens from islands off Panama are referred to this species which occurs from the California coast at San Pedro southward 52 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. to the Chilean coast. In general structure they agree with adults of hirsuta from San Pedro excepting that the notopodial setae are comparatively more slender, being mostly clearly more slender than the neuropodials and more numerous than is typical, and that the anterior eyes are rather more dorsal in position and thus clearly visible in dorsal view. Above they show the char- acteristic nuchal process from the anterior edge of the first metastomial somite which, as pointed out by Ehlers, serves as an easy distinguishing mark in com- parison with the closely related Harmothoe -polytricha (Schmarda) which occurs on the other side of the isthmus in the Caribbean region. The parapodia of the peristomial somite bear three (or sometimes two) conspicuous setae. The small specimens from Panama are described in full below. The body is short. It is widest near the junction of the first and second fourths of the length but narrows only weakly from there caudad to the begin- ning of the last fom'th over which it narrows more strongly to the pointed anal end; anteriorly also narrows strongly to the prostomium. The dorsum is only shghtly arched. Venter also shghtly arched, and presenting a sharply limited, caudally tapering, ridge. Total length of one specimen near 11 mm.; greatest width, exclusive of parapodia, 2 mm.; width to ends of parapodia, 3.5 mm.; width to ends of setae, 5.6 mm. Number of somites thirty-seven. Prostomium decidedly wider than long, sloping strongly from behind forwards. A wide median longitudinal furrow dividing it into two symmetrical halves. Each half rises to a longitucUnal ridge extending forwards to the apex of the peak, the prostomium otherwise smoothly rounded. On each side it bulges convexly into an optical lobe. Each anterior eye situated rather laterally on the lobe and distinctly visible from above. The posterior eyes are much closer together and are dorsal in position; they are more than three fourths the diameter of the anterior ones, from which they are separated by three times their diameter or nearly so. The peaks are conspicuous; each is a stout sub- conical process extending over the base of the corresponding lateral tentacle, its abruptly narrower tip separated by a wide space from the median ceratophore, though this space is less than the half-diameter of the ceratophore at its base. The peaks in one specimen are darkened. The ceratophore of the median tenta- cle is stout and much narrowed distad; it is blackish in color, contrasting strongly with the prostomium; the style is missing. The lateral tentacles arise from beneath the base of the median ceratophore. Each lateral ceratophore is cylindrical, shorter and much less thick than the median. In one specimen the style is nearly twice the length of the prostomium and in the other specimens is HARMOTHOE HIRSUTA. 53 considerably shorter than this; it is dusky in color; it is terete, a little narrowing to near the middle of the length and then more quickly narrowing into the slender terminal filament. The palpi in length surpass the lateral tentacles. They are stout proximally, narrow strongly distad and toward the end are more abruptly reduced and end in a paler, slenderly conical tip. Dusky in color. (Plate 2, fig. 2). The parapodia of the peristomium lie close at the side of and partly beneath the prostomium. Each bears three curved setae of the notopodial type. The metastomial somites are all distinctly separated. Excepting toward the end of the body they are of nearly uniform length which is mediuin. The first three somites on the ventral side are bent caudad at the middle into a short subrectangular flap or tongue-like process. NephricUal papillae low, rounded. Parapodia prominent but shorter than the width of the somites. A typical parapodium at the proximal end is very deep but is compressed anterocaudally. The neuropodium is a short subcylindrical process extending obhquely dorso- ectad from near the middle of the dorsal surface of the parapodium; distally it is truncate, the distal surface bearing the numerous setae, and the ventral edge is extended into a slender, subulate acicular process. The neurocirrus is attached on the ventral surface proximad of the middle; the cirrophore is short and narrows distad to the base of the style which at its beginning is of the same width; the style is short and subulate, reaching the bases of the nearest neuro- podial setae but fails much of reaching the end of the neuropodimn; the cirro- phore is dark but the style pale. The notocirri are stout and subcorneal, usually darkened or dusky; they are densely clothed vfith long ciUa mostly exceeding in length the diameter of the style. (Plate 2, fig. 3). The acicula are pale, extending into the acicular processes but not pro- jecting beyond the neuropodial, and but little beyond the notopodial, process. Neuropodial aciculum much stouter than the notopodial. Nem'opodial setae much exceeding the notopodials in length; arranged in vertical series spreading in fan-like manner ; about forty in number in the parapodia of the median region. Each consists of a slender shaft and a spear-like head, the seta gently curved from a little below the head to the tip. Head bidentate, the principal tooth a little curved, the subapical tooth small, straight, and acute, parallel, or nearly so, to the axis of the principal tooth ; convex side of the head densely pectinate from the base nearly to the lower tooth. The most ventral neuropodials are shorter than the others, wth the heads much reduced in length. (Plate 2, fig. 7, 8 ) . The notopodial setae are very numerous and are densely arranged in whorls; 54 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. the outer setae on the proximal side are much shorter than those in the inner part of the fascicle and on the distal side. Each notopodial is slender and gently curved; the smooth apex is short and acute with no trace of a subapical tooth; the conspicuous pectinae extend from the tip over nearly the whole length of the exposed portion of the seta, the smooth proximal portion of the shaft being short. (Plate 2, fig. 4-6 ; Plate 3, fig. 1). The elytra are all missing in the specimens studied. The elytrophores have the usual arrangement, occurring on somites 2, 4, 5, 7, etc. They are short and proportionately thick and present the usual subelliptic to ear-shaped scars. The body is greyish, in part of a dusky tinge ; a darker area on each somite at each lateral end on the ventral surface and a dark ring about the proximal end of each neiu"ocirrus. The notopodial setae are orange in appearance. The neuropodials are paler, dilute yellow. Locality. Panama: Perico Island. Shore. 26 October, 1904. One specimen. Panama: Taboguilla Island. Shore. 30 October, 1904. One speci- men. Harmothoe mexicana, sp. nov. Plate 1, fig. 1-9; Plate 2, fig. 1. The body is well pigmented, being in general a rather dark brown with the parapocUa a shade hghter. There is typically a paler narrow median longi- tudinal stripe along the venter. The palpi and the other appendages of pro- stomimn and peristomium are yellowish to whitish as are also the cirri. Seg- mental papillae whitish. Setae yellowish. The body narrows strongly cephalad from the fifth or sixth somite, the anterior end appearing convexly rounded laterally as well as anteriorly. From the fifth or sixth somite, the region of greatest width, the body proper narrows continuously caudad and at the caudal end is very narrow; however, the para- podia, with their setae, increase in length from the anterior end toward the middle, so that the decrease in width of the body proper is offset for a considerable distance. In the region of the greatest width the depth is about the same as the mdth exclusive of the parapodia; the depth is less cephalad of this level and decreases caudad from it in such manner that the caudal region may appear conspicuously flattened. A specimen 39 mm. long has a maximum width to the HAKMOTHOE MEXKWNA. 55 bases of the parapodia of 3.8 nim. ; widths to tips of parapodia, 6 mm. ; and to tips of the setae, 8.2 mm. The prostomium in front presents two very large, conical peaks which pro- ject forwards, one on each side of the median ceratophore. These peaks vary considerably in the amount of their projection. There is a black area at the base and caudad of each. CaudaUy the prostomium is rounded, expanding from the caudal end to the middle and thus convexly bulging on each side. There is a well-marked median longitudinal furrow from the base of the median ceratophore caudad, and also a transverse furrow, caudad of which the pro- stomium is typically more elevated. Two pairs of eyes of which the caudal ones are dorsal and are much closer together than the anterior ones, which are low on the sides or subventral and not typically evident in dorsal view. Each lateral tentacle projects from beneath the peak of the corresponding side. Each lateral ceratophore is attached beneath the base of the peak and projects ventrad and is short and cyhdiic. The lateral tentacles are about as long as the pro- stomium inclusive of its peaks. Each tapers uniformly from its base to the very slender and acutely pointed tip. The ceratophore of the median tentacle is a stout cyUndrical body which narrows more or less distad; its distal end is nearly on a level with that of the peaks. The palpi are about twice the length of the prostomium. Each is terete and narrows uniformly distad to an acute tip. There is no distinct terminal filament. (Plate 1, fig. 1). The parapocUa of the peristomium have the usual position. The cerato- phores attain or a little surpass the level of the most caudal point of the median tentacular ceratophore but fall much short of attaining the level of the apices of the prostomial peaks. The tentacular cirri taper evenly from base to the slender tip and considerably exceed the palpi in length. Each parapodimn bears two, or sometunes three, stout setae resembling the notopodial setae of the succeeding somites, each thickest proximally and narrowing distad to the acute apex. (Plate 1, fig. 1). The metastomial somites are moderately arched above and below, the ventral convexity sometimes appearing considerably more arched than the dorsal. Ventrally there is a wide median fm-row, most of which is occupied by the neural ridge. Pygidium a small and almost tubercle-like projection. Anus terminal. Neplu'idial papillae begin on the sixth somite as usual. They are minute, short, subcyhndi-ic processes of whitish color projecting from a small tubercle at the base of the parapodimn. Each extends straight ectocaudodorsad, or the somewhat longer ones of the middle region curving more dorsad distally. 56 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. The parapodia are short, being considerably shorter than the width of the somite to which they are attached, excepting in the narrower caudal region. They appear flattened in the cephalocaudal direction. Depth proximally great and equalling or exceeding the length exclusive of the setae. Narrowing moderately distad, the dorsal edge being nearly horizontal and the ventral oblique. The two rami are distinct and well separated, the neuropodium a httle exceeding the notopodium. Each branch is conically narrowed and drawn out distally into a slender acicular process. The neurocirri are very small, short and subulate. Each is attached at the middle of the ventral surface and reaches to the distal end of the neuropodium proper or a little beyond it, but not to the end of the acicular process excepting in the second parapodia. The neurocirri of the second somite are much longer, extending beyond the ends of the setae. The notocirri are slender and filiform, distally subulate. They extend out well beyond the tips of the setae. Their cirrophores are attached close to the bases of the notopodia and are large and conical. (Plate 1, fig. 2). In each branch of the parapodium there is a single aciculum which is pale yellow in color and is plainly transversely striate. The tip of the neuropodial aciculum projects freely at the side of the tip of the acicular process, which exceeds the aciculum. The notopodial aciculum extends through the acicular process and exceeds the neuropodial. The notopodial setae are in a spreading whorl, diverging distad and bending mesad conspicuously over the dorsum, especially in the caudal region, much as in yokahamiensis. They are pale yellow in color. Each is typically a blade-like structure widest at its middle, narrowing moderately proximad and distally narrowing to an acute point. One side is more nearly straight than the other and is commonly a little concave or angu- larly inbent, the other edge being convex. One of the broad surfaces is com- monly concave and the other convex, or the seta in cross-section at the widest part may be subtriangular. On the convex side there are numerous cross-series of spines or pectinae, the number being commonly about fifty; a rather long distal region or tip is free from pectinae. At the widest part the full-sized noto- podial setae have twice, or slightly more, the maximum diameter of the ventrals. The most dorsal are longest and have a length (free portion) as great as the length of the corresponding neuropodials or nearly so. (Plate 1, fig. 9). The neuropodial setae are long and fine, and present a long smooth shaft, a pecti- nate distal division, and a smooth, acute, bifurcate tip as usual. They are not of the same structure throughout the fascia, in each of which there may be from thirty-six to forty or more setae. The more dorsal and more nimierous HARMOTHOE MEXICANA. 57 setae are widest at the proximal end of the pectinate division from where they narrow distad to the slender acute tip; each bears ordinarily thirty-five to forty pectinae ; the smooth tip ends in a slender principal tooth or prong which is nearly straight along its mesal edge and convex on the ectal; the accessory subapical tooth is very short, straight and divergent, and varies considerably in proportionate length and stoutness. In a second type of neuropodial the general form is similar to the preceding but the pectinae are much lower, more like those of the notopodials. The setae of the most ventral series are conspicu- ously different. The yare much shorter and more slender and each distally, beginning at the proximal end of the pectinate division, is strongly curved. Each ends in a slenderly acute and entire tip. (Plate 1, fig. 5-8; Plate 2, fig. 1). The peristomial setae are of the general tj^De of the notopodials. The elytra are of the usual number and arrangement. They are moderate in size. In outline they are subrotund, but with the anterior and ectal edges more or less flattened and nearly straight, so that the outline sometimes appears subtriangular with the hypotenuse more convex. Each is densely studded with conical, corneous, and colorless papillae each of which rises from a more expanded, darker, disc-Uke base. These project from the caudal and ectal edges. No soft papUlae proper were detected. CiUa occur sparsely over the entire surface, these projecting sparsely between the papillae of the general surface as well as between the marginal ones of the caudal and ectal edges. The cilia are slenderly cylindiical or distally sUghtly narrowed, transparent, and of moderate length. The elytrophores are of moderate size. Each presents the usual ear-shaped scar. In position corresponding to that of the elytrophores, there is on each non-elytrophorous somite on each side a conspicuous, stout, conical and light colored process. Localities. Off Mexico. Sta. 3425 (lat. 21° 19' N., long., 106° 24' W.). Depth, 680 fms. Bottom of green mud and sand. Bottom temp., 39° F. 18 April, 1891. Several specimens. Off Mexico. Sta. 3430 (lat. 23° 10' N., long., 107° 31' W.). Depth, 852 fms. Bottom of black sand. Bottom temp., 37.9° F. 19 April, 1891. One specimen. In lacking large soft papillae on the elytra this species agrees with H. yoka- hamiensis Mcintosh, now known from near Santa Catahna and adjoining islands and from Monterey Bay off the California Coast as well as from Japan, the type- locahty. From that species it differs clearly in having the peaks of the prosto- mium very prominent, in the greater relative length of the notopodial setae and 58 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. in the form of the neuropodial setae, especially of the most ventral ones which are reduced and have a characteristic curve or geniculation distally, a detail in which it seems to differ from other species of this group as well. ExJNOE Malmgren. Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1865, p. 56, 61. Eunoa Malmgren, Annulata Polychaeta, 1867, p. 6; McIntosh, British annelids, 1900, 1, pt. 2, p. 291. EuNOE EURA, sp. nov.^ PI. 3, fig. 2-6. The dorsum along the middle is brownish, darker caudad; laterally the color is of a distinctly greenish tinge. The" venter is also light brownish but with a greenish cast along a median longitudinal band. Parapodia and setae lighter, yellowish. The body is -broad; it narrows from a httle in front of the middle cephalad; it is broader caudad of the middle than in front of it, narrowing but moderately over about the posterior fourth, the caudal end rounded. The greatest depth of the body is nearly equal to the greatest width exclusive of parapodia (about 8.2 mm.). The depth is uniform over the middle two fourths but decreases conspicuously cephalad and caudad respectively over the anterior and pos- terior fourths. Segments thirty-five in nimiber. Length of type, 45 mm., maximum width, exclusive of parapodia (measured across ventral surface), 8.2 mm., to tips of parapodia, 15.5 mm., to tips of setae, 23 mm. Prostomium widening anteriorly, subcordate but with apex or posterior end bluntly widely rounded; width (2 mm.) a little exceeding the length; the peaks very low and rounded, inconspicuous, each separated from base of median tentacle and more widely from the lateral. Median longitudinal furrow above on prostomium weak, disappearing caudad; on each side a furrow mesad of the rounded elevation, these furrows running caudad and then obliquely caudo- ectad, thus diverging from each other caudad. Eyes none. Ceratophore of median tentacle at widest level one third the greatest width of the prostomium, strongly narrowed distad, at first abruptly and then gradually; length near the total length of the prostomium; above, over basal portion, a longitudinal median fmTow which extends also over part, of prostomiimi, the furrow becoming less distinct caudad. Style missing except for extreme proximal end. Ceratophore ' eiipvs, broad. EUNOE EURA. 59 of lateral tentacles less than half as long as that of the median, half its greatest width; lateral tentacles as wholes manifestly shorter than the prostomium; styles at proximal end as wide or wider than ceratophore, conically narrowed distad, the apical portion slender and acute; no distal enlargement whatever; sensory processes numerous, strictly cylindi'ical, transi^arent. Palps terete, slenderly conical, the tips very slender and acute, the total length about thi-ee and three fourths times as great as that of the prostomium; cilia arranged in longitudinal rows as usual, each small, cylindrical, or sometimes enlarged dis- tally, transparent, arising from a sUght tubercle. (Plate 3, fig. 2, 3). Peristomial parapodia bearing two curved setae; the ceratophores prominent, reaching beyond anterior border of prostomium; styles missing in type. Peri- stomium not evident dorsally. Metastomial somites conspicuously arched above over entire length of body but somewhat more depressed caudad; ventrally less strongly arched. Pygidium very small; no subanal cirri detected. Neural groove sharply defined, rather wide. Nephridial papillae beginning on the fifth somite, on which they are minute; at twelfth and thirteenth somite obviously increasing abruptly in size, which is uniform from there caudad; papillae bending dorsad into the intersegmental furrows. The parapodia of the middle region of the body are very long, being three fifths as long as the width of the somites; stout, little compressed. The noto- podiiun is much smaller than the neuropodium, appearing upon the antero- dorsal surface of the latter as a small lobe near the middle of its length, the distal end of the notopodium falling far short of that of the neuropodium; in the form of a short, somewhat obliquely truncated and but little compressed cylinder which bears the numerous setae on its distal surface and at the caudal the usual finger-like process which is cyUndrically or distally somewhat enlarged, which reaches to near the distal end of the neuropodium, and through wliich the aci- culum extends. Neuropodium strongly compressed subdorsoventrally, thicker at base than distad, the distal edge rising from caudal end cephalad to an angular apex from which arises the finger-shaped process, this being of the same form and size as that of the notopodium, and much shorter than the setae; the aciculmn extends into the process as usual. Ventral cirri arise at middle of length of parapodia. Each, when laid against the parapodium, reaches the apex of the latter, the base of the finger-hke process; the cirrophore is a conspicuously thickened tubercle; the filament is slenderly sub- ulate and smooth. The dorsal cirrophores are large cylindrical processes which lie 60 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. against the parapodium, being not at all erected; the styles of the dorsal cirri much surpassing the neuropodial setae but when laid back against the dorsum in the middle region falling much short of reaching its middle hne; bearing numerous sensory processes which are cyhndrical and transparent. (Plate 3, fig. 3). In each branch of the parapodium there is a single yellow aciculum; this is stout and long, tapering distad to an acute point; in the notopodium this extends through and beyond the tip of the finger-shaped process, but it does not attain the end of this process in the neuropodium. The notopodial setae are rather numerous, being spread over the entire oblique surface of the process, projecting ectad, increasing in length from those at the inner end to those at the outer or distal ; they are much shorter than the neuropodials and are mostly also clearly more slender; they agree in structure with the neuropodials except- ing that the short, small, apical process is normally bluntly rounded, ending in a slight knob and the pectinate structures are more plate-like, and the pectinae less hair-like. (Plate 3, fig. 6). The neuropodials are numerous and long; each presents a long slender and smooth shaft, above which is a blade clearly, but not greatly wider at its proximal end than the shaft, from which it narrows continu- ously to an acute point; the blade is usually moderately curved; from the base nearly to the extreme apex it bears numerous obliquely transverse rows of hair- like processes; there may be fifty or more of these combs; the naked apex is very short, smooth, and acute. Tips without trace of incision or accessory process. (Plate 3, fig. 4, 5). The setae maintain the same structure throughout the body. Elytrophores occur, as usual, on the second, fourth, fifth, seventh, and alter- nate succeeding ones to the twenty third, on the twenty sixth, twenty ninth and thirty second. They are rather prominent with a suboval scar of which the smaller end is mesad. Unfortunately all the elytra are missing. Locality. Off Peru. Sta. 4,675 (lat. 12° 54' S., long., 78° 33' W.) . Depth, 3,120 fms. 22 November, 1904. One specimen. In lacking eyes this form is like E. abyssorum Mcintosh, the type of which came similarly from a great depth (2,600 fms.) south of Australia. The latter is a smaller species readily distinguished from the one above described by the obvious differences in the setae. Eunoe caeca Moore is another blind species which was dredged in Monterey Bay at a depth of from 861 to 1,062 fms. This is a narrower species differing very conspicuously in the structure of its setae as well as in the form of the prostomium, the form and proportions of the para- podia, and various other featiu-es. LEPIDASTHENIA CURTA. 61 Lepidasthenia Malmgren. Annulata Polychaeta, 18G7, p. 15; Darboux, Bull. sci. France & Belgique, 1900, 30, p. 109. Eumolpe Blainville, Diet. sci. nat., 1828, 57, p. 457 (in part). The most salient character of this genus consists in the great reduction of the elytra, to which the name refers, through which the dorsum is in large measure left naked, and in the rudimentaiy notopodium. The notopodial setae, while usually wholly absent, may be present in much reduced size and numbers in some species (L. irregularis Ehlers, L. argus Hodgson). The. char- acteristic bifid apex of the setae so obvious in most species is present only in the setae of the seventh somite in L. microlepis Potts. Key to Species. • o. Neuropodial setae equal in size throughout each fascia. b. Some notopodial setae present at least on the anterior parapodia L. irregularis Ehlers. 6b. No notopodial setae on any of the parapodia. c. Elytra covering parapodia L. minikoensis Potts. cc. Elytra quite rudimentary, merely capping the elytrophores L. microlepis Potts. aa. Upper neuropodial setae conspicuously difl'erent in size from the lower ones. 6. Upper neuropodial setae greatly enlarged L. elegans Grube. hb. Upper neuropodial setae more slender than the others. c. A few notopodial setae present on at least some of the parapodia L. argus Hodgson. cc. No notopodial setae on any of the parapodia. d. Pairs of elytra above 25; littoral forms. e. A distinct notopodial process on at least the more anterior parapodia. .L. curia, sp. nov. ee. No trace of a notopodial process on any of the jjarapodia L. maculata Potts. Lepidasthenia curta, sp. nov.' Plate 5, fig. 4-9. The body is flattened above and more convex ventrally; below there is a neural furrow and within this a distinct neural ridge. Inclusive of parapodia, it is of uniform width over the middle region, being widest just caudad of middle, but it narrows considerably both at the anterior and posterior end; the body itself, with parapodia excluded, is widest anteriorly and narrowest caudad. The total length of the type exclusive, of the protruded proboscis, is about 27.5 mm.;. greatest width, exclusive of the parapodia, 2.25 mm.; to tips of parapodia and exclusive of setae, 4.4 imn.; inclusive of setae, 6 mm. or a little more. The number of somites is fifty-six. ' curtu.s, short. 62 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. The prostomium is covered above by the transparent first and second elytra. It is trapeziform or subhexagonal with the transverse diameter or width exceeding the length. It is widest a Uttle behind the middle where it bulges on each side. Upon the bulging lobe on each side is borne a large eye. The posterior eyes are much smaller and closer together and each is close to, and in life may possibly be covered by, the base of the parapodium of the first meta- stomial segment. The ceratophore of the median tentacle is inserted in an incision in the middle of the anterior border; its base extends caudad in a narrow- ing, wedge-shaped process; it narrows subconically distad to the truncate end, on which is inserted the style; the style is long, though it is shorter than the palps, fully three times as long as the prostomium; it narrows continuously from the base to the slender and acute tip; without any evident subterminal enlargement; the ceratophores of the lateral tentacles are inserted farther forward; each is subcylindrical, but narrows distad like the median; the distal end of the ceratophore is much thicker than the base of the style; the style is shaped Uke that of the median tentacle but is shorter. The tentacles are pale without any evident darker markings in the type as at present. The palpi are a Uttle longer than the mecUan tentacle; each is terete and acuminate, and ends in a slender thread-hke tip. (Plate 5, fig. 4). The ceratophores of the parapodia of the peristomium extend forward about to the level of the anterior border of the head; the styles are of the form of the tentacular styles but are somewhat longer than the median of these. The extended proboscis is 4.2 mm. long and 2.5 mm. thick. The metastomial somites are distinct. They are of similar form and structure throughout. The pygidium is minute and subcyUndric; anus terminal. The nepliridial papillae are situated on the bases of the parapodia; each is borne at the caudal edge and is a slender, cylindrical tube of white color which bends dorsad in the intersegmental cleft. The parapodia in the anterior region are only half, or but little more, the width of the body proper; but in the median and posterior regions they fully equal the width of the somites to which attached. From the base outward they are subcyhndric or sUghtly narrowing distad, the distal end conically attenuated and rounded. At the distal end is a larger, distally rounded, postsetal process and a much more slender, cyUndi'ical, presetal process, the setae emerging between these processes. The notopodium appears on the anterior parapodia as a short and slender cylindrical process into wWch an aciculum extends; this becomes lower caudad and in most segments is not evident as such. The LEPIDASTHENIA CURTA. 63 dorsal cirrus is attached caudad of the middle of the parapodium and extends distad to or a little beyond the tips of the neuropodial setae; it is terete and acuminate to a fine tip like the tentacles and tentacular cirri; the cirrophore is a thick and conspicuous eminence. The ventral cirrus is attached distad of the middle; it is a short, slender, subulate process not reaching to the end of the neuropodiimi. No notopodial setae detectable on any parapodia of the type. The neuro- podials are arranged in subvertical series which may embrace eighteen to twenty- fom- setae spreading out from each other distally. In the tyi^e they are colorless. There are two types of neuropodials which are the extremes in a series in the parapodia of the middle region. The most dorsal setae are longer and pro- portionately more slender; the distal pectinate division is longer and more slender, from the thickened proximal end narrowing to a long and slender tip. The more ventral, shorter, setae have the heads or pectinate division propor- tionately stouter and shorter, these curving moderately, the concavity on the non-pectinate side. The tip is bifurcate, the principal tooth short and stout, convex on one side, opposite the pectinae; the minor tooth is much smaller, acute, curving a httle away from the principal one. In going caudad the setae become shorter and stouter, the pectinate terminal division being markedly proportionately stouter and shorter. Cephalad the setae become of the more slender type. (Plate 5, fig. 7-9). The elytra are small as usual, leaving much of the dorsum uncovered. Each is thin, transparent, wholly smooth and subovate (anterior) or more conmaonly subelhptic in outUne. (Plate 5, fig. 5, 6). They decrease m size caudad. The precise number could not be determined with entue certainty but is either twenty-seven pau's or very near that number. Locality. Off Mexico. Sta. 3424 (lat. 21° 15' N., long. 106° 23' W.). Depth, 676 fms. Bottom, grey sand with black specks. Bottom temp., 38° F. 18 April, 1891. One specimen. The specimen unfortunately seems at some time to have been dry. In comparison with L. irregularis Ehlers (Zool. jahrb. Suppl., 1901, 2, p. 255) from the south Chilean coast, this is seen to be a much shorter form with but fifty-six parapodia bearing somites as against eighty-seven in that species. The parapodia are proportionately much longer. The elytra are colorless, thin and transparent whereas in irregularis they are thick and dark grey or black. The tentacles are more slenderly and uniformly acimiinate as are also the palpi, not abruptly narrowed to the slender tip. The setae are much more numerous and differ in details of structure. 64 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. Iphione Kinberg. Annulata nova, 1855, p. 12; Fregatt Eugenics Resa. Zool. Annulater, 1857, p. 8; Darboux, Bull. sci. France et Belgique, 1900, 30, p. 108. Eumolphe Blainville, Diet. sei. nat., 1828, 57, p. 457 (in part). IphioncUa McIntosh, Challenger Annelida, 1885, p. 58. Iphione ovata Kinberg. Ofvers K. vet. akad. Forh., 1857, 14, p. 383; Fregatt Eugenics Resa. Zool. Annulater, 1857, p. 8, pi. 3, fig. 8, 8a-8h; 1910, pi. 10, fig. 45, 45e; Baird, Journ. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1865, 8, p. 181. Locality. Paumotu Islands: Rangiroa Island, Mohican Reef. 23 Sep- tember, 1899. One specimen. The specimen, which, Uke those of various related species, presents a strik- ing resemblance to certain chitons, is 17 mm. long and 10 mm. wide across the middle. Kinberg's type, taken on Oahu near Honolulu, is a considerably smaller specimen, its measurements being given as 12 mm. long and 7 mm. wide; but in other respects the Rangiroa specimen agrees essentially with Kinberg's account so far as it goes. Admetella Mcintosh. Challenger Annelida, 1885, p. 124; Darboux, Bull. sci. France & Belgique, 1900, 30, p. 103. Admetella hastigerens, sp. nov."^ Plate 9, fig. 6-8. In the preserved type there are no distinctive features in the coloration. The body throughout is a grayish yellow. The acicula and setae are yellow, the acicula in part darker, more bronze colored. The body is fusiform, being conspicuously narrowed from the middle toward each end, the caudal and cephalic narrowing being equal or very nearly so. Convex both above and below but the venter mesally with a wide and conspicuous neural depression or furrow in which is a large neural ridge. In- tegument thin and transparent along a well-defined median longitudinal band. Total length of type, 80 mm. ; greatest width, exclusive of parapodia, 8.5 mm. ; to tips of parapodia, about 20 mm.; to tips of acicula, near 27 mm. The num- ber of segments is sixty-eight to seventy. Prostomium decidedly wider than long, being transversely oblong; the ' hasta, lance, and gcrere, to bear. ADMETELLA HASTIGERENS. 65 length (about 1.5 mm.) about three fourths the width (2 mm.). Constricted at the base. Bulging out on each side, a large rounded prominence which shows a darkening but no evident eyes. The anterior margin is wide and nearly straight, with no median incision. The ceratophore of the median tentacle arises caudad of the middle; it is large, and on each side has a very conspicuous extension from its base. Each lateral extension is connected with the cera- tophore by a narrow isthmus beyond which it is swollen, conical, and projects upward and forwards distally. Above the swollen portion adjacent to the isthmus it Ls narrowed conically to a slender filament of moderate length; the total length of the appendage is apparently less than twice the length of the head ; these appendages correspond to the tentacular scales noted by Mcintosh in his description of A . longipedata and as corresponding to those in the Sigalionidae. The lateral tentacles, or antennae, are broken off; each is inserted on the anterior face near the ectal corner, and apparently projected directly cephalad; what appears to be a portion of the style of one was found adhering to the border of the mouth, this is a slender terete body ending in a slender filament not preceded by an enlargement. The palpi are large, terete, and gradually acuminate, the tips very slender and ending in a filament which seems to be easily caducous; smooth; near 1 mm. thick at base and 8 mm. long, or six times the length of the prostomium. (Plate 9, fig. 6). The peristomium is slightly exposed above as a narrow transverse fold caudad of prostomium. The ceratophores of its parapocUa are prominent. The metastomial soinites are all distinctly differentiated; those of the anterior and middle regions of a nearly uniform length (width in anterior region near 3.4 times the length, in the widest middle region near 4.8 times), in the caudal region decreasing conspicuously. Pygidium small, pointed. The ne- phridial papillae arise at each ectal end of the ventral surface of the somite at the middle adjacent to the parapodium rather than at the caudal edge, as more usual, the caudal margin of the somite more or less extended immediately mesad of the papilla; they begin on the sixth somite; the anterior ones are small, sub- cylindrical structures somewhat narrowed distad and then a little flaring about the terminal face, each extending caudad and a little dorsad into the inter- segmental cleft; farther caudad the papillae become conspicuously, stouter, decreasing again in the caudal region. The elytra are all missing. The elytrophores are mostly conspicuous, with the usual somewhat ear-shaped scar. They occur on the second, fourth, fifth, seventh, and alternate soinites to the twenty fifth, then on the twenty seventh, 66 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. twenty ninth, thirty second, thirty fifth, thirty eighth, forty first, forty fourth, forty seventh, fiftieth, fifty third, fifty fifth, fifty seventh, sixtieth, and possibly on one or two others, the condition of the caudal end making it difficult to be certain; the total number is thus a little above twenty-five pairs. The parapodia are conspicuously elongate as in the inunediately related forms, each, exclusive of its acicular process, being about as long as its somite and, inclusive of this, much longer. Each is, at its broad base, strongly com- ' pressed in an anterocaudal direction; in view from cephalic or caudal side, it is seen to narrow strongly to near the middle of its length, from where the neuro- podial branch continues of nearly uniform width to the distal end which is obhque, its anterodorsal end elevated, and the aciculum passing through it. The noto- podium is a small but clearly separated lobe arising on the dorsal surface near the base of the neuropodium; the ventral edge of its distal end is prolonged into a slender acicular process similar to that of the neuropodium ; the aciculum shorter and more slender than that of the nem-opodium. The parapodial cirri are all lost and nothing definite concerning them can be affirmed from examination of the type. There is a single aciculum in each branch of the parapodium. The noto- podial aciculum is yellowish, the coarser and longer neuropodial dark brown. Both acicula project widely beyond the tips of the acicular processes. No notopodial setae are detected in the type. On the distal end of the neuropodium is a group of fine, delicate, and transparent setae which are very much shorter than the projecting ends of the acicuh. These setae are flattened structures of vitreous appearance; viewed from broad surface each is seen to be parallel- sided from the base to a triangular tip of which one side is nearly straight, the other oblique; the tip is entire, not at all incised or bifid, though it is weakly indented or notched at the base on its more oblique side and less so on the opposite one; serrations occur along both borders, and along the ridge the arrangement and development of these is very regular, the serrations not devel- oped on the acuminate terminal division or these vaguely developed on the more obhque side alone; the thickened serrate edges seem to be bent up as far as the tip so that the seta appears concave; in side view the seta is narrow, the tip, over which the serrate thickened borders do not extend, appearing abruptly much thinner and very acute. (Plate 9, fig. 7, 8). Locality. Off Panama: Sta. 4,621 (lat. 6° 36' N., long. 81° 45' W.). Depth, 581 fms. Bottom of green sand. Bottom temperature, 40.5° F. 21 October, 1904. One specimen. ADMETELLA DOLICHOPUS. 67 This species in its general structure much resembles A. longipedata Mcintosh, secured by the Challenger from near Prince Edward Island (1,378 fms.)- It is Uke this species in having no notopodial setae, the long protruding aciculum being alone present; but the notopodial branch is more distinctly developed and arises farther proxunad, the acicula extend farther beyond the parapodial lobes proper, and the ventral setae lack- the characteristically bifid apex of those of A. longipedata. Admetella renotubulata (Moore), described from a specimen taken off Santa Catalina Island (2,196-2,228 fms.), is also evidently a closely related species; but it is readily separated by the clearly different form of the nem-opodial setae, and the presence of notopodial setae, -the latter not having been detected in the other two species. All these species lack pigmented eyes, though structures possibly representing modified eyes are noted in renotubulata. Admetella dolichopus, sp. nov.^ Plate 10, fig. 1. There is nothing distinctive in the coloration of the preserved specimen, the body appearing obscure yellow, the parapodia a somewhat Ughter yellow, and the acicula nearly colorless. The body is fusiform, in general as in hastigerens, but the caudal region is more strongly narrowed, becoming slender and subacutely pointed. The dor- sum is convex; its integument presents a thinner, middorsal, longitudinal stripe which is semitransparent. The venter is more depressed; it has a wide longi- tudinal neural furrow in which lies a conspicuous neural ridge as in the preceding species. Total length of the type 60 nmi.; greatest width, exclusive of the parapodia, about 5 mm.; to ends of extended parapodia, exclusive of acicular processes, near 20 nun. ; to ends of acicula, near 24 mm. Total number of somites in the type sixty or mthin one or two of that number; in the paratype, fifty-seven. Prostomium about two thirds as long as \vide, transversely oblong, the anterior margin straight or nearly so between the widely separated ceratophores of the lateral tentacles; on each side posteriorly a prominent lobe projects laterad, neither this lobe or any other part of the prostomium showing any trace of pigmentation. The ceratophore of the median tentacle is a very large body inserted dorsally caudad of the middle of the prostomium; its diameter proxi- mally is equal to half the greatest width of the prostomium as a whole; it - 60X1x05, long, ?roOs, foot. 68 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. is rounded and narrows abruptly above to the level of base of the style; at each anterolateral corner it is extended as a prominent, distally gradually narrowing ridge reaching to the anterolateral corner, these ridges corresponding to the large free lobes attached to the ceratophore in the preceding species; style missing in the type. The ceratophores of the lateral tentacles are attached near the anterolateral corners, each projecting slightly ectad of directly forwards; the ceratophore is a very short, proportionately thick, cylindrical body; the style is abruptly much thinner, its length not far from twice that of the prostomium; it narrows gradually distad to a moderate, subterminal, fusiform enlargement beyond which is a slander terininal filament. The palpi in the type are near 9.5 mm. long, or seven or a little more times as long as the prostomium; each is terete and slenderly tapering, subulate, ending in a rather fine tip. (Plate 10, fig. 1). The parapodia of the peristomium project on each side in the usual position; the ceratophores of the cirri reach forward about to the level of the anterior margin of the head; the dorsal cirri are much longer than the lateral tentacles but considerably shorter than the palpi; each has the form of the style of a lateral tentacle. The metastomial somites are all clearly differentiated below, less distinctly above; they are comparatively long, in the widest part of the body being near one third as long as wide; they are of nearly uniform length over most of the body but in the most caudal region decrease to the pygidium as in the preceding species. The anus is terminal or slightly more dorsal, its border radially ridged or tubercular, no styles present in the type. The nephridial papillae in the anterior region are very minute and at first scarcely evident; in the middle region they are much larger but still comparatively small; each is subconical with the narrowed tip bent a little dorsad as usual ; each is attached at the extreme caudal margin of the somite. The elytra are all missing from the type-specimens. Elytrophores promi- nent, borne on the base of the parapodia and movable with these; present on somites II, IV, V, VII and alternate somites to the twenty fifth as usual, then on the twenty eighth, thirty first, thirty fourth, thirty seventh, fortieth, forty third, forty sixth, forty ninth and fifty second and what seems like the fifty third, the total being twenty-three. The parapodia are much elongated, each, exclusive of aciculmn, being much longer than the width of the somite to which attached as indicated by the measurements previously given. Each is strongly flattened in the cephalo- ADMETELLA DOLICHOPUS. 69 caudal direction; each narrows strongly from base to near the middle of the length, the proximal region in outline subtriangular, its dorsal side strongly slanting, its ventral horizontal and continuous in direction with that of the remaining more slender portion of the parapodium. Neuropodium long, but Uttle varying in thickness in different parts of its length except toward the distal end where subconically narrowed, the distal end obUque with acicular process at the more projecting dorsal corner. The notopodium is a distinct, well- separated lobe, subcylindric at the base and distaUy formed much like the neuro- podimn, which arises on the dorsal surface a little distad of the middle of the parapodium. At the base of each non-elytrophorous parapodium there is above, a characteristic, short, distally rounded, subcyUndric process. Just proximad of the notopodiimi is the dorsal cirrus, which from the traces alone left in the type, seems to have been small. The ventral cirri are also lost excepting on a few anterior j^airs; on the second metastomial parapodia the cirrus is attached near or a little distad of the middle of the length, and extends clearly distad of the end of the parapodium; on the following pair of parapodia the cirri are shorter and scarcely exceed the neuropodium proper distally, though on one side the cirrus of the third somite is elongated like that of the second; the cirrus is slender with a sUght subterminal thickening and a fine terminal filament. The acicula are pale, more or less vitreous in appearance. Each projects but moderately beyond its slenderly conical process, very much less exposed than in the preceding form; distally it is very fine and easily bent back into a curl. All setae appear to have been broken off, no complete ones being detected in either of the types. Locality. Off Mexico: Sta. 3425 (lat. 21° 19' N., long. 106° 24' W.). Depth, 680 fms. Bottom of green mud and sand. Bottom temp., 39° F. 18 April, 1891. Two specimens. Characterized especially by the form of the lateral prolongation of the median ceratophore; instead of rising free from the prostomium as in the pre- ceding species, these extend as simple but conspicuous ridge-hke elevations out to the bases of the lateral tentacles. The feet are relatively decidedly longer than in hastigerens, each in length much exceeding the width of the somite to which attached. The forms of the notopodial processes and especially of the basal dorsal processes of the interelytrophorous somites are characteristic. 70 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. PoliYNOE Savigny. Descript. Egypte. Hist, nat., 1809 [= 1822], 1, pt. 3, p. 20; McIntosh, British annelids, 1900, 1, pt. 2, p. 389; Darboux, Bull. sci. France & Belgique, 1900, 30, p. 11. Lepidonolus Quatrefages, Hist. nat. annel('s, 1865, 1, p. 257 (in part). Parapolynoe Czerniawsky, Bull. Soc. imper. nat. Moscou, 1822, 57, p. 187. POLYNOE INNATANS, Sp. nOV.^ Plate 8, fig. 1-7. Pale and semitransparent. The body is widest in front of the middle and from there widens very grad- ually caudad and more abruptly cephalad. The greatest width, exclusive of the parapodia, is 1 mm. ; inclusive of parapodia, but without setae, 2 mm. ; to tips of setae, 3.5 mm. Length 9.5 mm. Prostomium decidedly wider than long; divided by a median longitudinal furrow; bulging on each side in the usual manner. Eyes large, black, distinct, the anterior the larger and much farther apart ; posterior eye on each side close to anterior, separated by much less than its diameter. Median ceratophore attached somewhat higher up or more dorsally than the lateral, longer than the latter, narrowing distad; style, which in the type is detached, much larger than the palps, cylinch-ical, narrowing to a fine filament distally, sparsely, minutely spotted with dark, and more sohdly darkened near the middle. The cerato- phores of the lateral tentacles more cylindrical, short; the styles extremely short, narrowed abruptly to a fine terminal filament which about equals in length the proximal division and ceratophore together; the entire lateral tentacle, inclusive of its ceratophore, does not greatly exceed the prostomium in length. Palps short, abruptly narrowed distally in a conical tip. The parapodia of the peristomium extend obhquely cephaloectad as usual; the ceratophores reach or extend a little in front of the level of the anterior border of the head proper. At least one conspicuous curved seta. The styles of the cu-ri are cylindrical and slenderly acuminate distad, the dorsal exceeds the ventral, and both exceed the palps. Segmental papillae arranged as usual. Each is situated at the base of a parapodium at the caudal edge and is a short conical process ending in a narrower subcyUndrical short tip which bends a little dorsad, the papilla as a whole extending caudoectad. ' innatare, to float. POLYNOE INNATANS. 71 Parapodia shorter than the somite to which attached, decreasing in length cephalad and caudad. A typical parapodium is deep dorsoventrally at the base and outward to the low, stout notopodial process which is distad of the middle; the neuropodium beyond the notopodial elevation narrows subconically ; distally it is obliquely subtruncate and is extended above into a short, slender, finger-like process. The dorsal cirrophore is a stout, subconical joint arising just proximad of the iniddle; no styles were found in the type, all appearing to have been lost. The ventral cirri are attached toward the distal end close to the setae; the cirro- phore is a thick, rounded lobe; the style is smaller at the base, then conspicuously and continuously narrowing to the slender tip ; extending well beyond the distal end of the neuropodium but not reaching the tips of the setae. Ventral cirrus of the first metastomial parapodia attached farther toward the base, much longer than the others, and attaining or nearly attaining the distal ends of the setae. Most of the elytra are missing from the type. Those present are thin and transparent. They extend outward on the parapodia as far as the notopodia, the setae of which extend from beneath the outer edge of the elytra. Elytra well overlapping both mesally and anterocaudally. The elytra are subcircular, with two or more weak notches on the exterior side opposite the notopodial fasciae. The exterior and anterior parts of the elytra are nearly uniformly covered with numerous, small, low tubercles each of which has a somewhat hemispherical basal portion and an abruptly narrower short, conical, apical por- tion which is conmionly bent toward one side. The acicula are colorless. The notopodial is stouter than the neuropodial, but shghtly curved, its acute apex protruding among the setae. The neuropodial typically presents a more distinct and double curve; its acute distal portion extends through the finger-Uke process of the neuropodium. The notopodial setae are arranged in a whorl on the distal end of the notopodium; they are typically ten to twelve in number; there are two principal types, a posterior group of larger, weakly and evenly curved setae, and an anterior group of smaller ones most of which are abruptly bent at the beginning of the pectinate distal division and are much the widest in the region of the head and somewhat boom- erang-shaped. The notopodials of the first type have over the distal portion along the convex edge a series of mostly near eight scales which are widely separated; the tip. is distinctly bifid, but is frequently broken off. (Plate 8, fig. 2). Those of the second type have along the convex edge distad of the bend a series of mostly near twelve more closely arranged scales; the tip weakly bifid. (Plate 8, fig. 1). The neuropodial setae are much more numerous, 72 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. commonly near twenty-five in number. They are also much more slender than the notopodials. Each has a long slender shaft and a head or distal scale-bearing division which is enlarged at the proximal end and runs out to a slender acute tip like the head of a spear; in one view the seta is a little curved proximad of the head; along one side of the head (the side of the convexity of the seta) are two rows of scales and distad of these there is a distinct subapical tooth. (Plate 8, fig. 6, 7). In the more anterior setae the heads are much shorter than in the posterior ones. (Plate 8, fig. 5). In addition there is a third type of notopodial setae; these are longer and stouter than the others and are straight; they are acuminate distad in the usual way; in place of a single series of pectinae there are five or six ranks of these. (Plate 8, fig. 5). None of this third type was found cephalad of the eighth (seventh meta- stomial) segment, in the fascia of wlaich two were noted, but they occur on the segments caudad of this and project conspicuously beyond the others. Locality. Between Galapagos and Paumotu Archipelagos: Sta. 4728 (lat. 13° 37' 40" S., long. 114° 22' W.). 19 January, 1905. One specimen taken at 300 fms. to surface. This species is well characterized by its remarkably reduced lateral tentacles, the character of the elytra and their papillae, and the structure of the setae. POLYNOE NESIOTES, Sp. nOV. Plate 8, fig. 8; Plate 9, fig. 1-5. The body is short and compact, exclusive of the parapodia having its greatest width at about the ninth somite, from where it narrows very slightly cephalad and gradually caudad; inclusive of parapodia the greatest width is a little farther caudad; the dorsal surface appearing flat with the parapodia rising obliquely at the sides; the ventral surface is smooth, a wide neural ridge present. The total length at present is about 22 mm.; the greatest width, exclusive of the parapodia, 3 imii. ; inclusive of the parapodia but without setae, 4.6 mm.; over all, 5.6 mm. Number of somites thirty-four. The color of the body at present is dark brown, but as the specimen appears at some time to have been dry this is scarcely of significance. The neuropodial setae are pale yellow; the notopodials colorless or white. The prostomium is so shrunken in the type that its original form cannot be stated. The ceratophores of the tentacles are cyhndi'ical and parallel, the median a httle exceeding the lateral. The tentacles are comparatively thick; POLYNOE NESIOTES. 73 they appear to have ended in an abruptly more slender terminal filament. The palpi end in slender tips. The prostomial appendages in the type are deformed from shrinkage and so cannot be more fully described. The parapodia of the peristomium bear two or more setae above. The cirri are thick and cyUndrical like the tentacles and similarly have a reduced tip. The metastomial somites are distinctly separated. They are of nearly uniform length excepting at the caudal end of the body where they are reduced. The pygidimn is a small short process bearing distally two anal cirri of the general form of the parapodial cu-ri and each with a subapical dark annulus. The parapodia are moderately short and stout, distally conically narrowed and compressed cephalocaudally; the ventral surface is less slanting than the dorsal. The notopodium appears as a small but distinct tubercle on the dorsal surface of the neiu-opodium near the middle; its setae, much finer and paler than the neuropodials, do not reach the end of the neuropodium. The ventral cirrus is attached proximad of the middle of the parapodium; it is short and acuminate, ending in a slender tip and falUng much short of attaining the end of the neuropodium; the ventral cirri of the parapodia of the second somite, how- ever, are, as usual, much longer, each being stout, terete, and uniformly acuminate to a slender acute tip which surpasses the setae. The dorsal cirrus of a typical parapodimn has a stout, subconical cirrophore; the style is terete and distally subulate, narromng gradually to a slender, acutely pointed tip; distally there is a broad, black annulus and some of the cirri, at least, also appear darker towards the cirrophore; the cirrus extends beyond the distal end of the parapodium. A single stout aciculum in each ramus, that of the neuropodium emerging toward the dorsal side of the end. The notopodial setae are much finer and shorter than the nem'opodials. They form a small but conspicuous white fascia, the setae of which do not attain the distal end of the neuropodiimi. Each noto- podial is thickest proximally and narrows distally regularly to a slender and very acute tip ; excepting for a smooth slender tip and the proximal end, there is along the entire length a series of transverse scales or plates in which divisions are indicated by longitudinal lines, but the teeth non-divergent, closely appressed; the plates are close set and overlap much; they afe evident all along one side but usually are e\'ident only more distally on the other or in some in certain views may not project on the opposite side at all. The medulla is finely fibrillar as usual. There is a tendency for much foreign material to adhere to the noto- podials. The neuropodials greatly exceed the notopodials in thickness and length. Each neuropodial has a smooth shaft, which is slightly curved between 74 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. the point of emergence and the head or pectinate division toward which it thickens shghtly. The head is bent at a small angle to the shaft as usual. It narrows to a rounded point distad and is gently concave on the side bearing pectinae and coiivex on the opposite ; it presents an acute subapical tooth which diverges but little from the principal tooth. The pectinae extend about half- way from the base to the apex, sometimes a little more and sometimes a little less. (Plate 8, fig. 8; Plate 9, fig. 1, 2). The elytra are firmly attached and are strongly imbricated. Those of the first pair are small and subcircular in outline; a rather narrow border on each is smooth or only very minutely granular, while the large area within is thickly studded with large tubercles or papillae which are subcorneal, the distal portion being softer and a basal portion denser and more opaque and appearing by itself hemispherical; the papillae seem to be all of the same type excepting for varia- tion in size, those toward the periphery of the papillose area becoming smaller. The succeeding elytra become much larger in size and are more elongate, being broadly subelliptic to subovate. On the second elytra large papillae similar to those of the first occur over and immediately adjacent to the area of attach- ment, but elsewhere the papillae are much reduced and anteriorly especially are sparse, leaving considerable areas smooth. Toward the middle region and farther caudad the elytra become almost smooth, losing the larger papillae, while the smaller ones become reduced to minute granule-like bodies which may be present only on restricted areas of the surface. There are fifteen pairs. (Plate 9, fig. 4, 5). Locality. — Lower California: Santa Margarita Island. Exped. 1891. One specimen which at some time had apparently been dry. As a species characterized especially by the structure of the setae and elytra. Lepidonotus Leach. Ann. philos, 1819, 14, p. 205; DARBOtJx, Bull. sci. France & Belgique, 1903, 30, p. 109 (in part); Mc- Intosh, British annelids, 1900, 1, pt. 2, p. 273. Eumolpe Blainville, Diet. sci. nat., 1828, 57, p. 457 (in part). Lepidonotus johnstoni Kinberg. Ofvers, K. vet. akad. Forh., 1855, 12, p. 381; Fregatt. Eugenies Resa. Zool. Annulater, 1857, pi. 4, f. 13-1.3b; 1858, p. 12; 1910, pi. 10, f. 15; Baird, Journ. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1865, 8, p. 182. Locality.— Off Panama: Perico Island. Shore. 26 October, 1904. One specimen. LEPIDONOTUS NESOPHILUS. 75 This is the type-locaUty for the species, Kinberg stating that his specimens inhabited "litora insularum prope Panama." Lepidonotus NESOPHILUS, sp. nov.^ Plate 4, fig. 1-7; Plate 5, fig. 13. The general form of the body is rather slender for this genus, the outline as seen from above being narrowly oblong; the sides straight from near the end of the anterior fourth caudad, more strongly so near the caudal end, where the venter proper is seen to run to an acute point; narrowed also a little cephalad from the level of greatest width, the anterior end convex. Dorsal and ventral surfaces moderately and about equally convex. The total length of type is 27.5 mm.; the greatest width, exclusive of the parapodia, is 4.8 mm.; inclusive of parapodia, 7 mm.; and inclusive of the setae, 8.2 mm.; the width across dorsum to the edges of the scales is 6.8 mm. ; and the greatest depth of body is 4.2 mm. The color of the elytra is greyish green, paler toward the ectal side; a larger light spot is over the point of attachment and numerous srnall light dots about this. The color of the venter and of the dorsum where exposed along the mid- dorsal line is more dilute and with less suggestion of gi-een. The setae are brown, darker at the tips. The prostomimn is convex with the sides behind well rounded; in front it presents the two conspicuous, subcylindi'ical processes forming the lateral ten- tacular ceratophores, each lateral half of the prostomimn inclusive of these cera- tophores being somewhat pyriform, a shallow longitudinal median furrow bisecting it above. The surface is weakly transversely wrinkled. Eyes black. General surface pale in contrast with the ceratophores, which are blackish. (Plate 4, fig. 1). Ceratophore of median tentacle thick, subcylindrical, widening distad, half the length of the prostomium proper. The style is only twice as long as the prostomium, strongly tapering from the base distad, with the usual sub- terminal enlargement which is elliptic in outhne, this followed by the slender apical filament which about equals the subterminal enlargement m length; the style is blackish but with a light colored annulus just proximad of the enlarge- ment and the terminal filament again pale. Ceratophore of the lateral tentacle four fifths or more the length of the ' >'T]l\os, loving. 76 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. median ceratophore, and about three fifths as thick distally. The ceratophore and filament are blackish with the light subterminal and terminal portions as in the median tentacle. The lateral tentacles are decidedly more slender than the median and are about two thirds as long. (Plate 4, fig. 1). The palpi are stout structures projecting laterally beyond the prostomium; they are much thickened or swollen a little above the proximal end, where they narrow evenly and conspicuously to an acute point, but present no abruptly thinner apical filament. In length they about equal the median tentacle. They are pale throughout. The parapodia of the peristomium are long, reaching much beyond the tip of the tentacular ceratophore, the portion distad of this level being fully three fourths the length of the ceratophore. The cirri agree in form and color with the tentacles; the dorsal cirrus is rather longer than the lateral tentacle and ventral one clearly and considerably shorter than the dorsal. (Plate 4, fig. 1). The body, as usual, has twenty-five setigerous somites following the peri- stomium. The nephridial tubercles begin on the sixth somite. On this somite the tubercle is short and inconspicuous but on the others the tubercles are promi- nent; each projects ectocaudad and ventrad and at the distal end is clavately swollen and may curve more strongly ventrad. A pair of low dorsal tubercles occur on somite I and also less prominently on II and III, but on succeeding somites none are evident in the type. There are the usual twelve pairs of elytra occurring on somites II, IV, V, VII and succeeding odd numbered somites to XXIII. The elytrophores are prominent, cylindrical or subcylindrical trunks with broadly elliptic cross-section, or these somewhat flattened or indented on one side; similar but more rounded prominences occur on the somites not bearing elytra. The elytra are broadly subelliptic membranous scales of moderate size with their long axes in situ in most oblique. They may meet at the middle of the dorsum but do not overlap and may have a narrowed naked stripe between them; the elytra in the series on each side overlap a little but the imbrication is not particularly strong. On the first elytra there is a series of rounded bosses or tubercles along the caudal border and continuing along the ectal but not the mesal end; those over the middle of the series are large and the others decrease in size from there both ways; these tubercles are separated by a distance mostly two or three times then- own diameter; in front of this submarginal series, over the dark areas of the surface and also over the area of attachment, are scattered other similar rounded or hemispherical tubercles of large size with among them similarly LEPIDONOTUS NESOPHILUS. 77 formed ones of smaller size; over the light area along the anterior and ectal border there are numerous tubercles of mostly very small and minute size. On scales farther caudad the surface becomes almost wholly smooth, the large tubercles being wholly absent and a few very small ones with more numerous minute points confined mostly to the ectocaudal border within the fringe. Along the ectocaudal edge of the elytron there is a series of short and slender transparent rods projecting freely from the edge. (Plate 4, fig. 2, ,3, 6). The tubercles vary from hemispherical to forms constricted at the base and so more nearly spherical. The tubercles are densely spinescent, the spines being proportionately longer and coarser on the smaller tubercles. (Plate 4, fig. 4, 5). Each typical parapodium presents a stout, strongly conical neuropodium which is slightly rounded or obUque across the distal end from wliich the setae project. From the anterodorsal surface of the parapodium the notopodium projects as a small lobe. The ventral cirrus is a short, acuminate process the tip of which, when the cirrus is extended against the neuropodium, reaches the bases of the neuropodial spines. The dorsal cirrus is about three tunes as long as the ventral; it presents a stout subcorneal ceratophore which is about one third of the total length ; the filament is of the same form as the tentacular cirri and tentacles, presenting a subterminal enlargement and terminal filament; the cirrus is pale tliroughout except for a blackish annulus over the base and one proximad of the subterminal enlargement. The ventral cirri of the first parapodia as usual are much longer than the others. The anal cirri are broken off in the type-specimen. The notopodial setae are either straight or, more typically, curved over theii- exposed portion. The exposed portion widens from the base to near the middle of the length and then narrows distad to a point. Each seta appears in surface view bipinnate, there appearing a fringe of close-set transparent fine teeth along each side, but those of the convex side are decidedly longer and extend along the seta farther than those of the opposite side. There is a series of longitudinal lines or teeth across each segment as shown in Plate 4, fig. 7, these decreasing in length from the convex side to the concave. Only one type of seta was noted. The cortex shows a jointing, the cross-lines being distinct and closely arranged and corresponding to the serrations. (Plate 5, fig. 1). The neuropodial setae are longer and much coarser than the notopodials, 78 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. as usual. The tip in those of the anterior somites is as long as the serrate portion below it; it is but slightly curved, being convex on the abdental side and nearly straight on the (Jentiferous, on which side is present a characteristic obtuse angle a short distance below the apex, from which a slender tooth normally projects distad; this tooth is easily lost; this subapical tooth was not found in setae of posterior segments. The teeth of the most distal row are long, stout, and acute; this row is followed by five to nine small series of teeth which dimin- ish in size proximad. (Plate 5, fig. 2, 3). Locality. — Galapagos Archipelago : Chatham Island. 8 January, 1905. One specimen taken on the shore. A well-marked species easily distinguished by its general form and the size, structure, and relations of the elytra as well as by the structure, propor- tions, and coloration of the prostomium and its tentacles and palps, and the structure of the setae. It approaches L. versicolor Ehlers of the Chilean Coast but differs conspicuously in its much stouter and differently formed palps, the proportions of the other anterior appendages, form of head, structure of the elytral tubercles, the larger smooth tip of the neuropodial setae and in other details. Aphroditidae. In this family the body is proportionately broad and short, having an oblong or subelliptic outhne; depressed, with dorsum arched and venter flat. Prostomium distinct. Eyes usually two pairs, either sessile or pedunculate. A single median tentacle with beneath it a distinct facial tubercle. Lateral tentacles none, or rarely present (in Triceratia only). A pair of large palpi. Peristomium bearing two pairs of long tentacular cirri and mostly setigerous. Parapodia biramous, some bearing dorsal cirri and others elytra in their place. The elytra occur on somites II, IV, and V, and on most of the succeeding somites in alternating groups of twos or in the posterior region in part in groups of threes; usually imbricated. Setae all simple, strongly developed. The dorsal setae long, consisting of stout spines and finer capillary forms, directed typically upwards and backwards over the elytra and dorsum. Capillary setae often iridescent, with hair usually more or less felted over the dorsum and covering the elytra. Pygidium bearing two anal cirri similar to the ordinary notocirri. The proboscis bears no jaws, or these but rudimentary, ordinarily repre- sented merety by thickened muscular prominences. APHRODITA. 79 The aphroditids, while occurring to some extent in the shallow water along the shores, live for hj far the most part at greater depths. The Albatross dredged Laetmonice wyvillei from the excessive depth of 3,120 fathoms. Both the bathymetrical and the geographical range \vith certain species is very great. Another species of Laetmonice, L. benthaliana Mcintosh, has been taken at only twenty-six fathoms on the one hand, and on the other, at 2,900 fathoms (Chal- lenger AnneUda, 1885, p. 40, 45). The geographical range of Laetmonice pro- ductor is enormous. Some forms burrow in the mud, a process in which the spines seem to be instrumental. This habit accounts for the fact that the setae and elytra of certain species are commonly found coated with mud. The aphroditids are sluggish in movement. They often occur as conmiensals and give support to a great variety of external parasites such as other annelids, pro- tozoans, sponges, coelenterates, ecliinoderms, bryozoans, crustaceans, and tuni- cates.^ Thus, in speaking of Laetmonice productor Mcintosh (Challenger AnneUda, 1885, p. 43) says: — "A large number of parasitic growths — sponges, Foraminifera, diatoms, hydroid zoophytes, Polyzoa, Loxosomae, ascidians, en- tangled worms, and others in tubes of sponge-spicules — occur amongst the bristles." All are carnivorous, and eat a great variety of animals, including other aphroditids and annelids in general. Key to Genera. a. Lateral tentacles as well as a median one present : Triceraiia Haswell. aa. With only a median tentacle. b. Eyes implanted on base of antenna; dorsal hairs not felted over the eljlra; no arrow-shaped setae; ventral setae with bifid tips Aphrogenin Kinberg. bb. Eyes not on base of antenna; dorsal hair more or less felted. c. Eyes pedunculate. d. Hairs of notopodiuin in part arrfiw-formed ; dorsal felting loose and often incomplete, e. Ncuropodial setae with the. tips bifid, distal region not pectinate. . . .Laetmonice Kinberg. dd. Notopodial setae simply serrate along convex side or smooth, but never arrow formed, long, prone, dense Ponlogcnia Claparede. cc. Eyes sessile; dorsal felting very dense, irregularly pierced by large brown hairs; parapodia with many fasciae of irised hairs Aphrodita Linn6. Aphrodita Linne. Linnd, Syst. nat., ed. 10, 1758, 1, p. 655; McIntosh, British annelids, 1900, 1, pt. 2, p. 241. Halithea Savigny, Descript. Egj-pte. Hist, nat., 1809 [= 1822], 1, pt. 3, p. 11, 18. Milnesia Quatrefages, Hist. nat. anneles, 1865, 1, p. 211 (min. ad part. M . horealis). Aphroditella Roule, Bull. Mus. hist, nat., 1898, 4, p. 191. ' For a detailed account of both external and internal parasites in the several groujis of Aphrodi- toicea see G. Darboux, Recherches sur les aphroditiens. Bull. sci. France & Belgique, 1900, 30, p. IS et seq. so THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. Apheodita defendens, sp. nov.^ The prostomium is a little longer than wide, shortly inversely subpyriform, being widest in front. Convex above and in front. On dorsal surface toward anterior end are two slight rounded tubercles, but no eyes could be definitely discovered in the types; if present, they are colorless and obsolete. The median tentacle in the type is very short and clavate, apparently representing only the ceratophore; but in the paratype the style is present as a long slender filament nearly equalling the prostomium in length. The short basal segment of palpi narrow, less than half the width of prostomium; the main part widening from base to or beyond anterior edge of facial tubercle and then regularly tapering and distally becoming slender, seven times or more the length of the prostomium, bearing numerous distinct sensory papillae. The facial caruncle prominent, compressed laterally and running to an acute edge cephalad, the dorsal surface strongly roughened, somewhat tubercular. Peristomial parapodia laterally compressed, lying close against parapodium and proximal part of palps ; the parapodia proper surpassing the prostomium by less than one and a half the length of the latter. Tentacular cirri arising near distal end on ectal side, the dorsal stouter than the ventral. Setae of peristomial parapodia all capillary, in flat tufts. Lower lip an elongate lobe as usual, occupying middle region of II and III and pressing against IV; its sides incurved. Metastomial somites beneath a little convex laterally with greater part between nearly flat. Very clearly separated from each other by transverse folds and from the parapodia by the usual deep furrow. Surface densely crowded with papillae which are commonly even more dense and conspicuous on the parapodia. The elytra are large, widely overlapping and wholly covering the dorsal region of body and head. They are smooth, and rather thin but tough. The fimbriate organs rather small, widest at base, convexly narrowing distad, the edge with few, well-separated but blunt processes. Neuropodia of middle region about one third, or a Uttle less, the width of the somites. Neurocirrus of typical parapodium arising in usual position from a low elevation or transverse ridge; short, slenderly subulate, just attaining bases of ventral series of setae, no sub terminal knot. The notocirri long and slender filaments ordinarily passing through and lying upon the felt. They lack terminal and sub terminal enlargements. ' defendere, to ward off or defend. LAETMONICE. , 81 The dorsal felt is of uniform thickness, regular, tough and essentially smooth throughout. Neuropodial setae not concealed by the felt but much shorter than in A. echidna Mcintosh. They are all deep, almost blackish, brown in color, with the tips of some appearing paler. Arranged m the usual three series, of which the dorsal consists of two or occasionally of three, the middle mostly of five, and the ventral of eight to twelve spines, in the type mostly toward the upper limit, in the paratype, a much smaller specimen, toward the lower. The spines of the dorsal series are stout, distally somewhat compressed and longitudinally weakly sulcate down the middle of the flattened side, straight or shghtly curved distally. Setae of middle series much more slender, commonly less than a half or a third the diameter of the dorsals; evenly and obviously curved beyond middle, pointed. The ventrals much more slender than the medians, more strongly curved, commonly with a soft, flexible, pointed tip. No slender iridescent setae evident in the type, the lateral fibres all densely coated with foreign material. The notopodials in two series. In both the setae are in the form of stout straight spines, stouter than the dorsal neuro- podials, those of the upper series greatly so. The spines are all straight, pointed, and erect, rising distally free from the felt or often almost wholly concealed. In each series usually three in number, of which one may be reduced in size. Thirty-seven somites in type. Length, about 40 mm. Width to tips of setae 30 mm.; to bases of para- podia ventrally, 16 mm. Locality. Off Aguja Point, Peru, 20 m. N. W. : Sta. 4654 (lat. 5° 46' S., long. 81° 31' 9" W.). Depth 1,036 fms. Bottom, dark brown mud. Bottom temp. 37.3° F. 12 November, 1904. One specimen. Laetmonice Kinberg. Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1855, 12, p. 382; Malmgren, Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1865, 22, p. 53; ibid., 1867, 24, p. 129, Levinsen, Ofvers. Nordiske Annulata, 1883, pt. 2, p. 26; Roule, Bull. Mus. hist, nat., 1898, 4, p. 191. Laetmaionice Kinberg, Fregatt. Eugenies Resa. Zool. Annulater, 1857, p. 7; Baird, Jourii. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1865, 8, p. 179; Quatrefages, Hist. nat. annelfe, 1865, 1, p. 199; Ehlehs, Mem. M. C. Z., 1887, p. 44; Daeboux, Bull. sci. France & Belgique, 1900, 30, p. 102; McIntosh, Brit, annelids, 1900, 1, pt. 2, p. 258. Laetnionicella Roule, Bull. Mus. hist, nat., 1898, 4, p. 191. 82 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. Laetmonice "wtvillei (Mcintosh). Laetmonice producta var. wyvilUi McIntosh, Challenger Annelida, 1885, p. 44, pi. 7, fig. 3, pi. 4A., f. 9-11. Laetmonice producta wyi'illei Treadwell, Bull. U. S. fish comm., 1906, 1903, 23, pt. 3, p. 1157; Moore, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Philad., 1910, p. 386. Plate 11, fig. 1, 2. Locality. Off Peru: Sta. 4675 (lat. 12° 54' S., long. 78° 33' W.). Depth 3,120 fms. 22 November, 1904. Four specimens. These specimens agree in general with the form described by Mcintosh. They show the same papUlose ventral surface, and the very dark, dull, coarse dorsal setae. The dorsal setae agree well in structure with those of the types excepting that the tip is perhaps proportionately a little more slender. There are three or four recurved teeth on each side but in one of the spines there are proximad of these principal teeth a series of reduced ones on each side such as noted also in certain spines of the typical L. benthaliana Mcintosh. The ventral setae are nearly typical, excepting that the terminal hook seems longer, approaching more the condition in L. producta Grube; the pinnae are very numerous, seventy or more in number, and the basal hook is small and short as in the types. The ventral cirri differ in being minute, more as is typical for benthaliana. The precise relationship of the forms grouped under and about producta has yet satisfactorily to be worked out when sufficient material becomes available. Laetmonice benthaliana (Mcintosh). Laetmonice producta var. benthaliana McIntosh, Challenger Annelida, 1885, p. 45, pi. 8, fig. 4, 5, pi. 4A, fig. 12, pi. 5A, fig. 1, 2. Laetmonice producta benlhaliana Moore, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Philad. , 1903, p. 420; Izuka, Journ. Coll. sci. Imper. univ. Tokyo, 1912, 30, p. 84, pi. 9, fig. 7-10. Localities. Off Panama: Sta. 4458 (lat. 6° 30' N., long. 81° 44' W.). Depth 555 fms. Bottom, green sand. Bottom temp. 40.2° F. 24 February, 1891. Two specimens. Off the Galapagos Islands: Sta. 3402 (lat. 0° 57' 30" S., long. 89° 3' 30" W.). Depth 421 fms. Bottom rock and Globigerina ooze. Bottom temp. 42.3° F. 28 March, 1891. Between Panama and the Galapagos Islands: Sta. 4630 (lat. 6° 45' N., long. 81° 42' 30" W.). Depth 556 fms. Bottom green sand. Bottom temp. 40.5° F. 3 November, 1904. Four specimens. PONTOGENIA CURVA. 83 These specimens agree in general appearance and structure with the descrip- tion of the typical examples. The ventral setae are typical excepting that the tip is somewhat less strongly hooked. The dorsal setae also agree excepting that the curvature mentioned as evident in certain views does not appear clearly in these specimens. The ventral cirri seem to be larger than in the types as they are easily seen with the naked eye. This is a widely distributed form, having been recorded from the region of Kerguelen and from south of Australia as well as from the North Pacific. It has a large bathymetrical range, having been taken in Suruga Bay at a depth of only 26 fms. (Albatross), and in the North Pacific (lat. 35° 22' N., long. 169° 53' E.) at the great depth of 2,900 fms. (Challenger). Laetmonice sp. A single specimen of a form which has been at some time dry, is in poor condition for satisfactory study. Locality. Off the Galapagos Islands: Sta. 3400 (lat. 0° 36' S., long. 86° 46' W.). Depth 1,322 fms. Bottom light grey Globigerina ooze. Bottom temp. 36.1° F. Exped. 1891. PoNTOGENiA Claparcde. Annflidcs Chi'top. Golfe Naples, 1868, p. 57; Grube, Jahresb. Schlesch. gesellsch., 1875, p. 68; Annu- lata Semperiana, 1878, p. 19; Ehlers, Mem. M. C. Z. 1887, 15, p. 46; Dabboux, Bull. sci. France & Belgique, 1900, 30, p. 102. PONTOGENIA CTJRVA, Sp. nOV. Plate 10, fig. 2-7; Plate 11, fig. 12. The body in general outline is oblong, with the caudal end much narrowed as usual and the anterior end more broadly rounded. Evidently there is con- siderable deformation through the specimens having been at one time dry. The precise number of' somites could not be determined, but there are near twenty-seven to thirty pairs of parapodia. The length of the type, exclusive of the setae, is at present near 9.5 mm. and with the setae, 12.5 mm. The width to the bases of parapodia is 3.5 m.; to the tips of the parapodia is 6 mm.; and to the tips of the setae, 10 nun. The paratype is 8.3 mm. long, with the width of body proper 3.2 mm., to tips of parapodia, 7.25 mm., and to tips of setae, 11.5 mm. 84 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. The dorsum is matted with much entangled foreign matter which wholly conceals the surface, the foreign material including even fragments of coral in addition to the finer material. The ventral surface presents numerous minute tubercles or points. The parapodia are long and cylindroconical, the narrowing distad being very gradual. (Plate 10, fig. 8). The ventral setae are dark brown in color. They are long, projecting between two and three millimeters beyond the tip of the parapodia. The principal setae curve decidedly toward their distal ends. Each is distally bifurcate as in such forms as P. chrysocoma (Claparede) and P. sericoma Ehlers, though differing in detail of form. The principal branch is curved with its concavity toward the minor branch or tooth and in a direction opposite to the principal cm-vature of the seta. The lesser tooth is straight and projects at a wide angle. The most ventral in the series are much more slender than the most dorsal ones. In addition to these there are in some of the more anterior neuropodia numerous much finer setae. These are paler in color. They vary much in stoutness among themselves in each fascicle. They may be curved much as those of the principal type above described; but instead of a single subapical tooth they present a series of small teeth below a naked tip. The series of teeth may be short, much as in the ventral setae prevaihng throughout in P. maggiae Augener, except that the teeth in that form are fewer and shorter; but more commonly a series of teeth may extend on both sides of the setae to the middle or below, or the series on one side may be longer than on the other. Thus these setae are typically bipectinate. (Plate 10, fig. 3-7; Plate 11, fig. 2). The dorsal setae are arranged as usual and are numerous and conspicuous. They vary in length, the shorter ones curving close to the dorsum and by their uncinate tips aiding the finer dorsal hairs in holding much foreign material. The setae in general increase much in length caudally, some of those on the posterior somites being ten milUmeters in length. They all widen from the base distad to the middle region and then narrow into a long, slenderly acuminate, distal region which is apically conspicuously curved or uncinate. Each seta appears more or less flattened and grooved along one side. The edges are wholly smooth. The dorsal hairs are fine and smooth. Locality. Gulf of Mexico: Sta. 2370 (lat. 29° 18' 15" N., long. 85° 32' W.). Depth 25 fms. Bottom of coarse gray sand and broken shell. 7 Febru- ary, 1885. Two specimens. The specimens had unfortunately been at some time dry, the hardening ACOETIDAE. 85 deforming them and rendering a complete description impossible. However, as the setae furnish clearly distinctive characteristics, it has seemed advisable to describe and figure the species. Pontogenia sericoma Ehlers, also occurring in the Gulf of Mexico, is at once to be distinguished from the present species by its characteristically straight and strongly serrate dorsal setae; P. maggiae Augener, taken in the Carribean off Montserrat, is also conspicuously different in the pre- vailing form of its ventral setae as well as in the dorsal setae. ACOETIDAE. The members of this family have the body elongate, moderately flattened dorsoventrally, and composed of numerous somites. The prostomimn is without a facial tubercle. Eyes either all sessile or two of them borne on conspicuous peduncles or ommatophores. Tentacles three, two, one or none. Palpi present, long and subulate. Parapodia biramous. Elytra occurring on somites II, IV, V, VII and there- after alternately with the notocirri. With setae either all simple (Acoetinae) or in part composite (Peisidicinae) . Proboscis at the end with a crown of numerous marginal papillae. Always armed wath four horny jaws. The acoetids are normally tubicolous. For special cases see, e.g., Watson, Observations on the tube-forming habits of Panthalis oerstedi, Trans. Liverpool biol. soc, 1895, p. 9; Ehlers, Mem. M. C. Z., 1887, 15, p. 56, under his ac- count of Euarche tubifex {Ewpanthalis kinbergi Mcintosh) . They are carnivor- ous and the most voracious of the aphroditoids. Key to Genera. a. Composite setae present Peisidiciiwe. b. No dorsal cirri, somites not numerous Peisidice Johnson. 6b. Dorsal cirri present; somites numerous Haswellia Darboux. aa. With no composite setae Acoetinae. b. Tentacles present. c. With but two tentacles. Two ommatophores, branchiae present Eupolyodonies Buchanan. cc. With three tentacles. d. Two eyes borne on ommatophores. e. With branchiae; first pair of parapodia normal Acoetes Milne Edwards. ee. No branchiae; first parapodia modified Panthalis Kinberg. dd. Eyes sessile, two or four in number Eupanthalis Mcintosh. 66. No tentacles; eyes sessile Restio Moore. 86 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. Synonymy of Genera. Acoetes Milne Edwards is the same as the older Polyodontes Renier, but the latter name, being preoccupied, is not available. Eupompe Kinberg is also synonymous with Acoetes. Euarche Ehlers is a synonym of Eupanthahs Mcintosh. Panthalis Kinberg. Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1865, no. 4, p. 386; McIntosh, British annelids, 1900, 1, pt. 2, p. 400. Acoetes Dabboux, Bull. sci. France & Belgique, 1900, 30, p. 117 (in part). Panthalis panamensis, sp. nov. Plate 11, fig. 4-8; Plate 2, fig. 1-6. The posterior end of the type is missing. The part present has sixty somites caudad of the peristomium. It is, exclusive of the protruded proboscis, 30 mm. long with a maximum width, over all, of 6 mm. The maximum width is about 6 mm. from the anterior end. From that level the body narrows cephalad and more slightly caudad. The general color is a light brown with the parapodia yellowish; darker anteriorly but with no distinct markings at present detectable. The prostomium is divided into two halves as usual; each half presents a distally much enlarged ommatophore, the half as a whole being clavately thick- ened proximad and distad from the narrow base of the ommatophore, but with the proximal region, or prostomial lobe proper, considerably the larger. Ommat- ophore and prostomium proper about equal in length. At its distal end each ommatophore bears a conspicuous eye. It is darkened two thirds the distance to its base. At the base of each ommatophore above there is a small but con- spicuous, black, sessile eye. The median tentacle arises in the usual position between the prostomial lobes; it narrows slightly distad to a level below the apices of the ommatophores, where it narrows more abruptly to a slender tip which extends distally beyond the ommatophores. The lateral tentacles are similar in form and length. Each has a pigmented area proximally. The palpi are long and acuminate, in the present contracted condition in the type being two and a half to three times as long as the prostomium and ommato- phores. The ceratophores of the cirri of the peristomial parapodia are distally on a PANTHALIS PANAMENSIS. 87 level with the narrowest region of the ommatophores where attached to the lobe bearing the sessile eye. The cirri have the same shape as the median tentacle and are of nearly the same length ; each has a dark pigmented patch proximally . No setae were detected on the parapodia of the peristomiima. The elytra have the usual arrangement, occurring on II, IV, V, VII, etc. Anteriorly they meet and overlap along the median line, but elsewhere they leave the middorsum naked between the two rows. The elytra are thin, delicate and transparent. In outhne they are very broadly elUptic or nearly circular. Each is weakly campanulate, being depressed somewhat in funnel-form at place of attachment and with the border showing a tendency to turn up over all or part of its circumference. The margin is free from ciha and the surface is smooth. (Plate 12, fig. 5, 6). The dorsal cirri are stout at base and strongly acuminate distad, subulate. They extend beyond the distal end of the parapodia but are clearly surpassed by the setae. The ventral cirri are small conical processes attached near or somewhat proximad of the middle of the ventral surface of the parapodium. Each is very short and does not reach the end of its parapodium. The para- podia are conspicuously flattened anteroposteriorly; very deep at base, being there about as deep as long, narrowing subconicaUy distad; the rami very short and scarcely separated, blunt, of about equal extent. Acicula two in each parapodium. Pale in color, darker distally than proxi- mally. Stout at base, strongly acuminate distad but with tip not finely acute; with numerous longitudinal fibrillae and distally usually showing many cross striae. The middle setae are stout spines somewhat clavately enlarged and flattened. Distally they are a little curved and end in a short, acute point below which on one side is a series of fine teeth and on the opposite side a long, lash- like process which in most cases in the type has been broken off close to its base. Of the teeth there are ten to sixteen in each series. (Plate 12, fig. 3, 4). The setae of the dorsal series vary much in thickness and length, some being exceedingly fine and capillary, others much coarser, though all are much more slender than those of the middle series. The principal ones much exceed in length those of the middle series. Each presents a long, slender shaft which has distally a lance-like or fusiform enlargement prolonged into a long, very slender, acute tip which is more or less curved. This tip is fringed along both sides, the hairs extending proximad farther on the convex side than on the concave, while distally the hairs increase in length and form a brush-like structure (bi- pinnate, penicillate) . In some of the finer setae the hair-like processes of the 88 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. tip are sparse and widely separated. (Plate 1 1, fig. 7, 8) . The setae of the ventral series are, as usual, much more slender than those of the middle series and are mostly also decidedly longer. Each toward the distal end has a fusiform enlargement at which there is an abrupt bend or crook. Above the enlarge- ment is a long, slender, acutely pointed tip. On each side of the head is a series of coarse scales which are well separated; above the enlargement these scales are succeeded by fine hairs which are very densely crowded. (Plate 12, fig. 2). The setae of the first setigerous somite are conspicuously different from the forms above described. The dorsal setae are exceedingly fine, long, and finely pointed; the surface of these appears in part minutely obscurely roughened. The setae of the median series are slender and elongate; each is expanded into a narrow blade near the middle of its length and is distally drawn out into a long, slender, acuminate and curved tip, the seta as a whole also curving; on the convex side from the base of the expanded blade distad is a close series of processes giving the edge a finely serrate or pectinate appearance. (Plate 12, fig. 1). The setae of the ventral series are of the same general form as those of the other parapodia ; but scales occur only along one side and are uniform to the distal end excepting for reduction in size. They are smaller in size. The dorsal and ventral setae of the second setigerous somite are hke those of the first; but those of the median series are conspicuously different, being of the general form described as typical above but lacking the subapical process or spur. (Plate 11, fig. 5, 6). The extended proboscis is strictly cylindrical. It is 6 mm. long and about 3.2 mm. in thickness. In the dorsal series of papillae at its distal end five on each side of the longer conically acuminate median one. The papillae of the ventral side are the same in number and arrangement. (Plate 11, fig. 4). The maxillae are slender and long with the two upper ones not differing, or differing but Mttle, in size from the inferior ones. In the type the superior maxillae each closes to the left of the corresponding ventral one. The paratype is badly preserved. It is incomplete posteriorly. Exclusive of the proboscis it is 75 mm. long and consists of about ninety-two somites. The posterior half of the body is more strongly narrowed in comparison with the anterior. Locality. Panama. Shore. 20 March, 1900. Two specimens. This species belongs with those having two pairs of eyes, a sessile one in addition to the stalked pair, the latter alone being present in P. oerstedi, the typical species. It has resemblances to the Japanese P. jagasimae Izuka. From that species it differs, e.g., in the form of the proboscis and in the smaller SIGALIONIDAE. 89 number and different form and proportions of its papillae, and especially in the detailed structure of the setae of the different series. SiGALIONIDAE. The body is most commonly long and narrow, cyhndrical and vermiform, or, more rarely, short and somewhat flattened as is particularly the case in Eulepi- dinae. The prostomium is rounded. The eyes may be four, two or none. When present all are sessile. The tentacles in number are three, two or only one. The palpi, always present, are long and attenuated distad, smooth throughout. The lateral tentacles in most genera are fused, excepting at their tips, with the first parapodia which are carried well forward. Parapodia bii-amous. Notopodia bearing simple setae. The neuropodia may also bear only simple setae (EulepicUnae) , but more commonly (Sigalioninae) bear composite setae either exclusively or mixed with simple setae. Elytra borne on somites II, IV, V, VII and on the alternate succeeding somites caudad to the twenty third or, less commonly, to the twenty seventh, after which both cirri (cirriform branchiae) and elytra occur on all somites aUke. The proboscis ends in a marginal crown of papillae and is armed with four horny jaws. The members of this family occur from the httoral region down to depths of several hundred fathoms. They often occur buried in mud or sand some centimeters below the surface. Key to Genera. a. All setae simple; body short and somewhat flattened Eulepethinae, nom. nov. b. Elytra on somites II, IV, V, VII etc Eulepethus, nom. nov. 66. Elytra on somites II, III, IV, VI, VII etc Pareulepis Darboux. aa. The setae in part composite; body usually long and slender, cylindrical, less commonly short. Sigalioninae. b. With no median tentacle; lateral tentacles small, attached at anterior end of proboscis; branchiae well developed Sigalion Cuvier. 66. A median tentacle present; branchiae well developed or not. c. Tentacle one, the laterals absent. d. Dorsal cirri or branchiae none; no setae on the first somite Pholoe Johnston. dd. Branchiae present but rudimentary; setae on the first somite Eupholoe Mcintosh. cc. Tentacles three; branchiae well developed. d. Lateral tentacles free only at tips, fused proximally with parapodia of the first somite. e. Median tentacle long bearing on its ceratophore a pair of prominent spatulate ctenidia; elytra completely covering the dorsum. /. Composite setae falcigerous, distally sometimes flagelliform. 90 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. g. Terminal piece of composite setae, long, articulated Slhenelais Kinberg. gg. Terminal piece of composite setae very short, not articulated, apex entire. Sthenelanella Moore. ff. Composite setae spinigerous Sihenolepis Willey. ee. Median tentacle without ctenidia; elytra not completely covering the dorsum, the latter naked at middle anteriorly. /. Composite setae falcigerous; median tentacle typically attached at anterior margin of prostomium; elytra thick, with numerous papillae to which solidly adhere grains of sand or particles of shells, etc Psammolyce Kinberg. //. Composite setae spinigerous; median tentacle very short, inserted farther caudad directly on the prostomium; elytra thin and smooth, with no such adhesive papillae bearing foreign bodies Leanira Kinberg. dd. Lateral tentacles free, not fused to first parapodia; median tentacle small, inserted directly on prostomium above; composite setae falcigerous Euthalanessa Darboux. Synonymy of Genera. Thalanessa as used by Mcintosh, Haswell and various more recent writers is a quite different genus for which Darboux rightly proposes another name, Euthalanessa. Eusthenelais Mcintosh (1876) is regarded as synonymous with Sthenelais Kinberg, as I am able to find no generic differences. Conconia Sclmiarda is also equivalent to Sthenelais. Eulepis Grube is preoccupied in Insecta (Dalman, 1820) and also in Rep- tiUa (Fitzenger, 1843). It is here replaced by Eulepethus, nom. nov. and the name of the subfamily changed to Eulepethinae. Sthenolepis Willey. Ceylon pearl oyster fisheries report, 1905, pt. 4, p. 259. Sthenolepis areolata (Mcintosh). Willey, Ceylon pearl fisheries report, 1905, pt. 4, p. 259; Moore, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Philad., 1910, p. .391; IzuKA, Journ. Coll. sci. Imper. univ. Tokyo, 1912, 30, p. 89, pi. 10, fig. 8. Leanira areolata McIntosh, Challenger Annelida, 1885, p. 151, pi. 21, fig. 3, pi. 25, fig. 8, 9, pi. 13A, fig. 1; MoOKE, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Philad., 1903, p. 426. Locality. Off E. point Santa Rosa Island, Cal.: Sta. 4571 (lat. 33° 40' N., long. 119° 35' W.). Depth between 20 and 900 fathoms, a special sounding not taken. Character of bottom and bottom temp, not ascertained. 7 October, 1904. One incomplete specimen. The species was dredged by the Albatross earlier in the same year at sev- eral points near Monterey Bay and off the southern coast of California at depths from 66 to 971 fathoms. (C/. Moore, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Philad., 1910, p. 391). POLYLEPIDIDAE. 91 SiGALioN Cuvier. Regne Animal, ed. 2, 1829, 3, p. 207; Audouin & Milne Edwards, Ann. sci. nat., 1832, ser. 1, 27, p. 398; Hist. nat. litt. France. Annelides, 1834, 2, p. 103, Kinberg ,(3fvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1865, no. 4, p. 387; D,uiBoux, Bull. sci. France & Bclgique, 1900, 30, p. 115; McIntosh, British annelids, 1900, pt. 2, p. 427. Thalanessa Baird, Journ. Linn. soc. London. ZooL, 1865, 8, p. 32. SiGALioN pouRTALESi Ehlers. Mem. M. C. Z., 1887, 15, p. 57. Locality. Gulf of Mexico: Sta. 2370 (lat. 29° 18' 15" N., long. 85° 32' W). Depth 25 fathoms. Bottom of coarse grey sand and broken shell. 7 February, 1885. One specimen. POLYLEPIDIDAE. Of the five famihes of truly elytra-bearing polychaetes which are here made to compose a superfamily Aphroditoidea, one (Polylepididae) is not represented in the collection of the Albatross. This is a small family embracing but two genera, each represented by a single imperfectly known species. They approach the Sigalionidae in having composite setae but are distinguished particularly in bearing elytra on all the somites. The prostomium bears a single tentacle and a pair of palpi. The proboscis is armed with four horny jaws. The two genera, as known from the original accounts, may be easily separated as follows. Key to Genera. a. With suctorial processes on dorsal and ventral surface of the parapoJia; setae all composite. Pdogcnia Schniarda. aa. With no such suctorial feet; notopodial setae simple, the neuropodials composite. Pohjlepis Grube. Synonymy of Genera. The second genus was designated Lepidopleurus by Claparcde (Annelides Chetop. Golfe Naples, 1868, p. 105) ; but as this name was previously used for a mollusc, Polylepis, adopted by Grube (Annulata Semperiana, 1878, p. 16) from Claparede's name for the family, may be used. Grube, however, from a study of a specimen in Claparede's collection which he believes to be that author's Lepidopleurus, doubts that this genus is in reality a member of this group as he found an alternation of elytra and cirri in the specimen (see Jahresber. 02 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. Schlesch. gesellsch., 1876, 53, p. 72). If a valid genus it would in such case probably belong in the Sigalionidae. The name of the present family would accordingly have to be changed to Pelogeniidae. Palmyridae. Probably near the Aphroditoidea are to be placed the two famiUes Palmy- ridae and Chrysopetalidae, neither of which is represented in the present col- lection. Their genera as at present known may be separated by means of the following keys. Key to Genera. a. Notocirri on somites I, II, III, IV, V and then on alternate somites to the end of body; basal portion of paleae short and straight; borders of palae smooth and rounded. . Palmyropsis Potts. aa. Notocirri on somites I, II (?), Ill, VI, and thereafter on alternate somites to near end of body; basal portion of paleae long; borders serrate Palmyra Savigny. The annehd listed by Mcintosh in the Challenger report as Palmyra aurifera Savigny and on which he found small elytra, is not that species but apparently is a true aphroditid near Pontogenia. Chrysopetalidae . Key to Genera. a. Body short, somites few. ' 6. Paleae covering the dorsum in large part. c. Some of the paleae broad, others narrow Paleanolus Schmarda. cc. Paleae equal Chrysopetalum Ehlers. 66. Paleae narrow, leaving most of the dorsum bare Dysponetus Levinsen. aa. Body elongate, somites numerous Bhawania Schmarda. Heteropale Johnson is a synonym of Paleanotus Schmarda. Nepthydidae. The body is elongate and composed of numerous somites. In cross-section somewhat tetragonal but with the dorsum convex and the venter typically flattened. Usually pale, pearl-gray with iridescence, only rarely well pigmented. Varying in size from one or two centimeters to twenty-five centimeters. Somites mostly less than one hundred and fifty. The prostomiimi is flattened and commonly subrhomboidal in outline as NEPTHYS. 93 seen from above, less commonly quadrangular or hexagonal. Normally there are fom* tentacles, two borne on the anterior margin on each side, or in rare cases, only two tentacles are present. Eyes two in number and small, or absent. Peristomial somite normally fused with the second one. Parapodia biramous, the branches widely separated from each other and each provided with a special membranous lobe or lamella more or less strongly developed; and in connection with it often other processes. In addition the notopodium bears a small notocirrus and a branclna, and the neuropodium bears a neurocirrus and may or may not bear also a branchia. Each branch of the parapodia bears a stout aciculum. The setae are all simple, or rarely composite setae may occur in the neuropodia. The setae are mostly strongly cross-striate or camerated, while some are serrated and some have lyriform tips. Anal cirri usually one, rarely two. Proboscis showing two regions; ^\ath or without two short horny jaws; a double row of bifid papillae around the aperture and with or rarely without papillae in longitudinal series (14-22). The members of this family are \agorous animals with a strong muscular development. They hve most abundantly in or near the Uttoral region though they areoccasionaUy taken from considerable depths {e.g. Nepthys phyllobranchia Mcintosh from 1,240 fathoms). They frequent sandy bottoms or sand more or less mixed with slime or mud in which they biuy themselves with sin-prising rapidity, using the proboscis in forming the burrow (Cf. Gravier, Nouv. arch. Mus. hist, nat., 1901, ser. 4, 3, p. 126). In their aUmentary tracts Gravier found such forms as diatoms, radiolarians, sponges, Foraminifera, and the remains of other polychaetes which their characteristically strong general mus- culature and their powerful probosces enable them to overcome. The family is remarkably homogeneous, only a single genus being recognized by most authors though various other groups have been proposed as indicated by the synonomy given below under Nepthys. Nepthys Cuvier. RIgne Anim., 1817, 13, p. 203; Savignt, Descript. Egypte. Hist, nat., 1809 [ = 1822], 1, pt. 3, Audouin & Milne Edwaeds, Hist. nat. litt. France. Ann61ides, 1834, 2, p. 232. Diplobranchus Quatrefages, Hist. nat. anneles, 1865, 1, p. 433. Portelia Quatrefages, Op. cit., 1865, 1, p. 431. Aglaophamus Kiptoerg, Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1865, no. 4, p. 239. Aglaopheme Kinberg, Ihid., p. 240. 94 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. Nepthys ectopa, sp. nov.'' Plate 15, fig. 1-7. The general color is light brown without distinct markings excepting a short median longitudinal dark hue extending caudad on the dorsum from the caudal angle of the prostomium, and a dark band in the median ventral furrow which at the anterior end is Y-shaped. The type, which lacks the posterior region, is composed of forty-eight somites. It has a total length, exclusive of the proboscis, of near 27 mm. and a maximum width of 3 mm. The body is clearly widest at the anterior end (at the 5th or 6th somite), narrows strongly to about the twelfth somite, and then more gradually caudad. The prostomium is in the form of a broadly subtriangular plate with base cephalad, the apex of which extends back to the fourth somite and thus divides above the first three somites. The anterior margin is straight or very sUghtly concave between the widely separated lateral corners which bend back obliquely caudad. The anterior border slopes ventrocephalad. Surface in general smooth and shining. Close to each lateral margin and about midway of the length is a convex elevation, subelliptic in outline, which apparently represents an eye though wholly without dark pigment at present. On the anterior margin are two pairs of short, colorless and conical processes or tentacles; on each side there is one on the obhque line of the corner and one at the end of the straight median region close to the first one, the two on each side being thus widely separated from the two on the other. (Plate 15, fig. 1). What is interpreted as the peristomium appears on the ventral side as a straightly margined, narrow band weakly divided by a transverse furrow; it extends up each side and disappears beneath the border of the first setigerous somite before reaching the prostomium, which thus appears to be wholly free from it. It bears no cirri. The first two setigerous somites are evident only dorsally on each side of the prostomium. On e ach side these somites he between the prostomiima and the third setigerous somite, against wliich these outer ends lie. Each bears only a fully developed notopodium, the neuropodium being wholly absent. The fourth somite (thu-d setigerous) extends farther ventrad than the two preceding but is likewise incomplete beneath, while above it is partly separated ' eK7oiros, strange. NEPTHYS ECTOPA. 95 by the prostomium, the apex of which extends into it. It bears both notopodia and neuropodia. The succeeding somites are all complete and simple. They are separated above and laterally by deep intersegmental furrows; ventrally between the base of the neuropodia on each side and the prominent neural furrow, the intersegmental furrows are rather faint, becoming again more pro- nounced in this furrow. The ventral furrow widens out clavately toward the anterior end in the wider region of the body, the elevated part of the venter on each side curving ectad and dorsad. The furrow between the peristomium and the succeeding part of the venter is very deep, in strong contrast with the following intersegmental furrows which are weak. With the exception of the first two pairs, the parapodia are biramous. In each of the first two pairs the parapodium is represented by the notopodium alone, this having the essential form of those in the typical parapodia succeed- ing. Each is low, subcorneal, but with a broad top and bears a pointed, conical, somewhat flattened appendage on its ventral side at base. The parapodia (notopodia) of these first two pairs are situated much farther dorsad than the others, lying up close to the prostomium. The notopodium of each one of the third pair of parapodia is abruptly farther ventrad and about halfway from the second to the level of the foiu-th; from the fourth, the notopodia become gradually located farther and farther ventrad to about the tenth somite, after which the same level is maintained. In a typical parapodium the two branches are widely separated. (Plate 15, fig. 3). The notopodium is short and thick, with the distal end convex, obhque to the main axis, and bearing along its cir- cumferential hne the numerous setae excepting for a short open space or break on the dorsal side, while the top of the aciculiun touches the surface near the centre of this area and shows conspicuously in a small dark elevation; from the ventral side of the notopodium a conspicuous branchial lobe projects ventrad reaching the neuropodium; this lobe is thick at base but conspicuously flat- tened distally in the anteriocaudal direction and is also expanded distally, the distal end subtruncate with a tendency to be weakly bilobate from a small notch at middle, while slight crenulations may also show along the ventral edge. In the anterior region in going cephalad this lobe becomes smaller and smaller, at the same time becoming more pointed distad until of the conical form above mentioned on the most anterior ones. No notocirri are present in the type. The neuropodium of a typical parapodium of the middle region of the body is also short and thick with the upper side straight, the ventral more slanting; the distal surface is broad and convex and slopes obliquely ventromesad; 96 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. it is encii-cled by setae, as in the case of the notopodium, excepting for a break on the ventral side, while the aciculum is situated at the centre; the neuro- podiiun bears near its base on the ventral side a short, subcyhndric, distally acuminate cirrus. In each notopodium and neuropodixma there is a single stout, dark reddish aciculum occupying a central position with its acute tip extending into a slight conical elevation at the surface. The aciculum is obviously longitudinally fibrillate and may show a cross-striation or cross-wrinkling, particularly in the distal region as shown in the figure. (Plate 15, fig. 7). The setae are arranged on each notopodium and neuropodium in a hne that has the form of an elongate ellipse which is commonly narrowly broken at the dorsal end in the notopodia and at the ventral in the neuropodia. The setae are all simple and none of the crochet-type occur. The setae on the anterior side in each case are much finer than the others and are very flexible; each ends in a fine acute tip below which it is covered until toward the base by nmnerous, closely arranged, trans- verse, toothed ridges or pectinae. (Plate 15, fig. 4). The principal setae are much coarser; each from a stout base narrows continuously distad, the tip being fine, acute, and smooth, while proximad of the tip the seta along one edge is closely set with very fine teeth or hairs. These setae appear on the average to be coarser in the neuropodimn than in the notopodium. (Plate 15, fig. 5, 6). They are densely fibrillate and tln-ough wear often are much frayed distally, the breaks occurring naturally in the direction of the fibrillae which may at the end become separated Uke hairs and give a brush-Uke appearance. No specially modified setae on particular parapodia were detected, though the much rubbed condition of some prevented complete study. The proboscis is fully protruded in the type. It has a length of 3 mm. and a maximimi diameter equal to this. Just within the distal margin and about the opening is a closely arranged series of long papUlae each of which is distally bifid with each lobe conical, the two lobes in each case lying in the same vertical or radial plane ; the papillae at each side are shorter than the dorsal and ventral ones. Along the distal margin and immediately proximad of it are arranged five encirchng series of slenderly conical, well-separated papillae; these decrease in length from those of the most distal to those of the most ventral series which are very small. In the type the papillae form twenty-one radial series. The re- maining median and proximal region of the proboscis is wholly smooth. (Plate 15, fig. 2). Locality. Off Aguja Point, Peru, 20 m. N. W.: Sta. 4654 (lat. 5° 46' S., PHYLLODOCIDAE. 97 long. 81° 31' 9" W.). Depth 1,036 fathoms. Bottom dark brown mud. Bot- tom temp. 37.3° F. 12 November, 1904. One specimen. Nepthys sp. A fragment of a specimen belonging to this genus was dredged from a depth of 39 fathoms off the Coast of Mexico (Sta. 3418). Expedition, 1891. It lacks both ends. Phyllodocidae. A large family in which the body, while usually more or less elongate and vermiform and either cylindrical or depressed, varies enormously in size, with the number of somites from comparatively few (e. g. twenty-three) to eight hundred or more. The prostomium is of various forms, bluntly subconical to suboval. With four tentacles and often in addition with an unpaired median tentacle normally posterior in position. Palpi none. Eyes two or four, usually small but larger in the epitokous forms, rarely absent (Paralacydonia). Tentacular cirri from one to four paks (or possibly five in Kinbergia) borne on from the first one to the first three somites, or none (Paralacydonia). Nuchal organ from strongly developed to none. Nephridia with inner end always closed, in connection with numerous solenocytes. The genital funnel distinct though often at maturity opening into the nephridial canal. Aside from the phyllodocoids, the Glyceridae and the Nepthydidae alone present these conditions (see Goodrich, The nephridia of the Polycheta, Quart, journ. micros, sci., 1900, 43, p. 699). The parapodia in most cases uniramous with a single aciculum and one fascicle of setae; in other cases biramous and with two acicula. Certain forms in the epitokous phase acquiring natatory simple setae as in the syllids. Neu- rocirri and notocirri flattened, thin and foUaceous, and all containing strongly developed mucus-glands. The cirri in the aberrant Paralacydonia, however, vary from this normal type. Setae in most cases composite, but sometimes in part simple and very rarely (Nans) all simple. Certain epitokous forms acquiring special, simple, long, nata- tory setae. Pygidium with two anal cirri which are either subulate or foliaceous. Proboscis commonly powerful, bipartite, and smooth, or bearing variously 98 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. arranged papillae, rarely with small chitinous pieces but never with true jaws. The phyllodocids proper are mostly essentially Uttoral animals occurring in and near the tidal zone under stones, on the mussel beds, on rock or in fissures in the same, in the laminarian region and similar places. In some regions they are particularly abimdant at moderate depths of from eight to twelve fathoms on bottoms covered by shells bored or disintegrated by Clione, (see Gravier, Recherches sxu* les phyllodociens, Bull, scient., 1896, 29, p. 305). The Chal- lenger secured a specimen from the considerable depth of five hundred fathoms which Mcintosh identifies as Genetyllis oculata. The phyllodocids are very active, not only moving about freely over solid surfaces but also swimming with ease and grace, an activity in which the expanded foUaceous cirri play an im- portant role. Some forms, too, are normally pelagic, such as particularly the species of Pelagobia, Lopadorrhynchus, Prolopadorhynchus, Pedinosoma, Maupasia, and Haliplanes and also the two new genera Nans and Mastigethus. These forms are included by Reibisch (Die pelag. phyllodociden u. typhloscoleciden, Ergebn. Atlant. Ocean * * * Plankton exped., 2, N. c, p. 18) in Claparede's subfamily group Lopadorhynchidae (properly Lopadorrhynchinae) against which he places a subfamily Phyllodocidae (Phyllodocinae) sens, str., which groups at present seem artificial. The pelagic genera mentioned embrace species color- less and transparent and for the most part small, most not exceeding 10 mm. in length, though some may rarely reach 40 mma. Most are less than 5 nam. long. Unlike the pelagic alciopids these forms do not show a special increase in the size of the eyes, these being, on the contrary, reduced or absent; but in possible com- pensation the tentacular cirri are often especially strongly developed. The setae for the most part are exceptionally fine and long. The epitokous forms of certain species of which the atokous forms are littoral are pelagic and show corresponding adaptive modifications. The females of these pelagic epitokous forms approach the shore to lay their eggs, these being deposited on Algae, stones, etc. The pelagic forms are ordinarily colorless, while the httoral forms are among the most brilliantly and variously colored of annelids; and it is note- worthy that the colors of those from deeper waters are of the same character. The phyllodocids are boldly carnivorous. Gravier (op. ciL, 1896, p. 306) notes having found in their alimentary tracts the setae and other debris of various other annelids, including terebeUids, spionids, sabellariids, syllids, and others, in addition to those of their own kind, which they attack and rend by Pim^LODOCIDAE. 99 means of their probosces. He found in the digestive tube of Eulalia viridis (Linne) another individual of the same species ahnost intact; and St. Joseph made a similar observation in the case of Eulalia pallida Claparede. They often attack forms larger than themselves. Rarely vegetable fragments, as of Fucus, and diatoms are found in their alimentary tracts. Gregarines occur frequently in the alimentary tract of phyllodocids. A number of external parasites have been noted by St. Joseph and others, e. g. colonies of Vorticella on Anaitides mucosa (Oersted), the orthonectid Rhopalura pterocirri on Sige (Pterocirrus Claparede) macroceros, a crustacean, Herpyllobius articus, on Eulalia pallida, etc. In this work the groupings and general system elaborated by Bergstrora in his recent revision (Zui* systematik der polychaetenfamilie der phyllodociden, Zool. bidrag, 1914, 3, p. 37) have been in general adopted. Key to the Subfamilies and Genera. a. No composite setae present Natinae, subfam. nov. Setae of two distinct types; two pairs of tentacular cirri both belonging to the first somite; notocirri of first ordinary somite strongly developed Nans, gen. nov. aa. Composite setae present. b. Eyes present; notocirri of the normal foliaccous type; tentacular cirri present. c. Notocirrus of first normal somite reduced; tentacular cirri either two pairs, both on the first somite, or three pairs with one on the first and two on the second somite Etconinae. d. With three pairs of tentacular cirri; ventral tentacular cirri of second somite foliaceous. Pseudomy slides Bergstrom. dd. With but two pairs of tentacular cirri; all tentacular cirri filiform. e. The peristomium bearing distinct setigerous parapodia; pelagic forms. . . .Pelagobia Greef. ee. Peristomium without setae or parapodial processes proper; non- pelagic or creeping forms. /. First normal somite with setigerous parapodia. g. Proboscis distally with two lateral rows of true papillae and also bearing chitinous denticles Mysta Malmgren. gg. Proboscis smooth with neither true papillae nor denticles Eteone Savigny. //. First normal somite only with ventral cirri, parapodia proper and setae wholly lacking. Hypereteone Bergstrom. cc. Notocirrus of first normal somite fully developed. d. With only two pairs of tentacular cirri, one on the first and one on the second somite which latter bears also an ordinary ventral cirrus Lugiinae. Lugia Quatrefages. dd. With more than two pairs of tentacular cirri, or rarely with but two pairs, in which case the second somite bears no neurocirrus. e. Three pairs of tentacular cirri or but two, of which only one pair occurs on somite I. /. Tentacular cirri occurring on but two somites and either three pairs with the two pairs on the second somite, or else but two pairs with ventral cirri of second somite absent or rudimentary Mystidinae. g. With three pairs of tentacular cirri, fully developed, two pairs pertaining to the second somite; prostomium free Mystides Thcel. gg. With only two pairs of developed tentacular cirri, or a rudimentary third pair may be present (ventrals). h. All setae composite; prostomium fused with the first soniite . Pedinosoma Reibisisch. hh. Simple as well as composite setae present. i. Prostomium fused only with the first somite. 100 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. j. Neurocirri present on the anterior somites bearing only simple setae. Prolopadorhynchiis Bergstrom. jj. Neurocirri not present on these somites. A;. Proboscis without papillae; without prominent nuchal processes. Lopadorrhynchus Grube. kk. Proboscis on each side with a long, finger-like papilla; on each side of pro- stomium a large branched nuchal process prominently extended. Mastigethus, gen. nov. a. Prostomium fused with the first normal somite as well as with the preceding; neurocirri on all somites Reibischia Bergstrom. dd. Tentacular cirri occurring on three somites, one pair on each Protomystidinae. Protomystides Czerniavsky. ee. Either four pairs of tentacular cirri or but three, in the latter case two pairs on the first somite Phyllodocinae. f. With four pairs of tentacular cirri. g. All somites bearing tentacular cirri wholly free. h. All parapodia with two acicula. i. All somites bearing tentacular cirri fully developed. . . . Austrophyllum Bergstrom. a. First somite dorsally reduced. j. Ventral cirrus of second segment fohaceous and asymmetrical. Hesperophyllum Chamberlin. jj. Ventral cirrus not fohaceous and asymmetrical Notophyllum Oersted. hh. All normal parapodia with a single aciculum. i. All somites bearing tentacular cirri fully developed; a median tentacle present. j. All tentacular cirri filiform or fusiform; proboscis distally diffusely papillose. Eulalia Savigny. jj. Tentacular cirri not all filiform or fusiform, ventrals of II modified. k. Ventral tentacular cirri of second somite thick, asymmetrical, the others fili- form or fusiform; proboscis smooth Natalia Bergstrom. kk. Ventral tentacular cirri of second somite thin, foliaceous, asymmetrical; the entire proboscis diffusely papillose Steggoa Bergstrom. ii. First tentaculo-cirriferous somite dorsally reduced. j. An unpaired tentacle present. k. Proboscis smooth; all tentacular cirri filiform or fusiform. Eumida Malmgren. kk. The entire proboscis papillose. I. Tentacular cirri filiform or fusiform Pirakia Bergstrom. U. The ventral tentacular cirri of somite II thin and foliaceous, asymmetrical. Sige Malmgren. jj. No unpaired tentacle but with a nuchal papilla. k. All tentacular cirri filiform or fusiform. I. Proboscis proximally with papillae in series Anaitides Czerniawsky. U. Proboscis proximally with papillae diffuse PhyUodoce Savigny. kk. Only the dorsal tentacular cirri of second somite filiform, the others short, thick, and almost globular Sphaerodoce Bergstrom'. gg. Not all somites bearing tentacular cirri free. h. Prostomium free, but the first two somites fused with each other. i. The tentaculo-cirriferous somites fully developed, forming dorsally a collar-like sweUing; proboscis with two lateral rows of large papillae. .Paranaitis Southern. ii. Tentaculo cirriferous somites dorsally strongly reduced; proboscis diffusely papil- lose. j. All tentacular cirri flask-shaped Genetyllis Malmgren. jj. Tentacular cirri of I and the ventrals of II filiform, the others flattened, fohaceous Nereiphylla Blainville. hh. Prostomium fused with one or more of the succeeding somites. 1 Bergstrom {op. cit., 1914, p. 87) first mentions this genus with its type-speoies (PhyUodoce quadra- ticeps) under the name Globidoce; but on subsequent pages, and in the diagnoses, Sphaerodoce is used. The occurrence of Globidoce in the text was undoubtedly an oversight. PHYLLODOCIDAE. 101 i. Prostomium fused with the first somite only HijpoeuMia Bergstrom. u. Prostomium fused with two or all three of the somites bearing tentacular cirri. j. Prostomium fused with the first two somites Prochaetoparia Bergstrom. jj. Prostomium fased with all three somites bearing tentacular cirri, the resulting part bearing simple setae Chaeloparia Malmgren. ff. With three pairs of tentacular cirri. g. Somites bearing tentacular cirri wholly free Haliplanes ReibLsch. gg. First somite completely fused with the prostomium Maupasia Viguier. 66 . Eyes none; tentacular cirri none; notocirri small, not truly foliaceous. Paralaajdoniinae subfam. nov. Paralacijdonia Fauvel. Synonymy of Genera. Eracia Grube is a synonym of Eulalea Savigny. Porroa Quatrefages is a synonym of Eteone Savigny, as is also Eteonella Mcintosh. PterocLrrus Claparede is identical with Sige Grube, both having the same species as the type, Pterocirrus macroceros = Sige fusigera, macroceros being the older. Mesomystides Czerniavsky is a synonym of Mystides Theel. Trachelophyllmn Levinsen has been withdrawn into Notophyllum Oersted, its type, T. luikeni Levinsen being the same species as the type of Notophyllum, N. foliosum (M. Sars). Macrophyllum Schmarda is very probably a synonym of Notophyllum Oersted, but as the type of the typical species (M. splendens) no longer exists, and the species is known only from the original accoimt, the position of the genus is somewhat doubtful. The same is true of Myriacyclum Grube, based upon Notophyllum myria- cyclum Schmarda. Until this species is again found it will probably be impossible correctly to place it. The types of the two species included by Quatrefages ia his genus Kin- bergia are also lost and the species {Phyllodoce macropthalma Grube and P. longidrris Grube) have not been identified recently. Five pairs of tentac- ular cirri are ascribed to members of this genus; but Bergstrom's suggestion that Grube enumerated as the first of these nuchal organs unusually strongly extruded seems plausible. Eunomia Risso (1826), regarded by its author as near Phyllodoce, is doubtful even as to family. No types of its two species {E. tympana and E. viridissima) exist. The genus should probably be discarded. Nothis Pruvot (1885) is similarly unrecognizable. Protocarobia and Paracarobia were established by Czerniawsky (1882) as 102 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. subgenera of Carobia to which he gives an individual definition and scope, with Phyllodoce tenuissima Grube and Anaitis lineata Claparede as the types. The first of these species is synonymous with Phyllodice macrolepidota Schmarda, and Protocarobia is here accordingly regarded as a synonym of Phyllodoce. The position of Paracarobia must remain somewhat doubtful until A. lineata has been restudied. Eulahdes Czerniawsky has as its type Eulalia saxicola Quatrefages, a prob- able synonym of E. bilineata Johnston, the genotype of Hypoeulalia. In this case Eulalides must take precedence over Hypoeulalia. Czerniawsky's genera Mesoeulalia (type, E. incompleta Quatrefages, from Torres Strait) and Paraeulalia (type, Phyllodoce (Eulalia) multicirrus Grube, from the Philippines) require a restudy of the type-species before they can be properly placed or estimated. The type of the same author's Pseudonotophyllum is Notophyllmn poly- noides Oersted, which is a synonym of Phyllodoce foliosa Sars, the type of Noto- phyllmn. Pseudonotophyllum is thus completely and permanently in synonymy. That author's Eunotophyllum, with Notophyllum alatum Langerhans as type, is probably also to be merged with the same genus. Anaitis Mahngren (1865) was preceded by .\naitis Desponchel (Lepidop- tera, 1844). Hence Paranaitis was supplied by Southern in 1914. Anaitides Czerniawsky. Bull. Soc. imper. nat. Moscou, 1882, 57, p. 158; Bergstrom, Zool. bidrag., 1914, 3, p. 108, 118, 138. The better known species of this genus may be separated as follows. Key to Species. a. Proboscis normally with a median dorsal row of five papillae in addition to twelve lateral of nine or ten papillae each; styles of neurocirri of middle region narrow, drawn out to a point distally. A. palagonica Kinberg. aa. With no median dorsal row of papillae on the proboscis. b. With eight lateral rows of papillae on the proboscis; the dorsal cirri of the first three normal somites as wide as long A. citrina (Malmgren). bb. With twelve lateral rows of papillae on the proboscis; the dorsal cirri of the first three normal somites longer than wide, c. Proboscis with not more than twelve papillae in each of the middle lateral rows. d. Proboscis with nine or ten papillae in each lateral row. e. Ventral cirri of middle region of body with styles drawn out into a narrowly acute tip; dorsal cirri of this region with lamellae subquadrate. /. Tliird normal notocirrus broadly eUiptic; three first pairs of normal notocirri much smaller than the succeeding ones A.heterodrrus Chamberlin. ANAITIDES LAMELLIFERA. 103 SJ. Third normal notocirrus strongly narrowed dislad, ovate; first three pairs of notocirri not abruptly much smaller A. mucosa (Oersted). ee. Ventral cirri of middle region of body with apex of styles not acutely prolonged, short and rather obtuse; styles of dorsal cirri not subquadrate. /. Prostomium narrowed conically and subacutcly forward, only moderately incised behind, as wide as or wider than long A. lamellifera (Pallas). ff. Prostomium broadly rounded in front, not conically narrowed, and at least a little longer than wide, very deeply incised behind A. sancti josephi (Gravier). dd. Proboscis with at most seven or eight papillae in each middle lateral row. e. Styles of neurocirri of middle region of body distinctly pointed; styles of notocirri of same region drawn out to a point, not quadrate A. nculata (Ehlers). ee. Styles of neurocirri of middle region of body short and broad, distally blunt; dorsal cirri of this region quadrate, not distally prolonged A. maculala (Linnc). cc. Proboscis with twelve or more papillae in each middle lateral row. d. Twelve or thirteen papillae in each middle lateral row; styles of neurocirri of middle region surpassing the neuropodia, and the free part of setae exceeding the latter in length. A. groerilamlica (Oersted). dd. Number of papillae in each middle lateral row at least eighteen; styles of neurocirri of middle region not attaining end of neuropodia, and the latter always longer than the free part of setae A. compsa, sp. nov. Anaitides lamellifera (Pallas). Nereis lamdlifera Pallas, Nova acta Petrop., 1788, 2, p. 232, pi. 5, fig. 11-17. Nereis lamelligera Gmelin, Syst. nat. ed. 13, 1791, 1, p. 6, 3128. Phyllodoce lamelligera Johnston, Ann. nat. hist., 1840, ser. 1, 4, p. 225, pi. 6, fig. 1-6 (in part); Ehlehs, Borstenwiirmer, 1864, p. 139; Johnston, Cat. annelids Brit, mus., 1865, p. 175; Fischli, Abh. Senck. naturf. gesellsch. Frankfurt-a-M., 1900, 26, p. 120; McIntosh, British annelids, 1908, 2, pt. 1, p. 76 (in part) ; Izuka, Journ. Coll. sci. Imper. univ. Tokyo, 1912, 30, p. 195 (in part) ; Fauvel, Result, campag. sci. Prince Monaco, 1914, 46, p. 111. Locality. Panama: Perico Island. Shore. Exped. 1904-05. One speci- men. The single specimen referred to this species is very small, only about 20 mm. long exclusive of the protruded proboscis. It seems to have been broken and is regenerating posteriorly; the regenerating piece is sharply set off from the preceding portion. The number of somites remaining in front of the regenerat- ing region is nearly sixty-eight. The color is light brown, lacking the conspicu- ous coloration and markings present in typical large specimens as appears to be the usual condition in dwarf specimens. The rows of papillae at the base of the proboscis are six on each side as usual; these show a tendency to be irregular and are not in all cases distinctly separated from each other. There are at the apex of the proboscis eighteen large papillae encircUng the opening. The cirri are as usual or very nearly so. It is evident that two or more distinct species have been confused by vari- ous writers imder the name lamelligera, some of the specimens listed under it being true members of Phyllodoce in the restricted sense, while others are clearly 104 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. members of Anaitides. The figures given by Pallas show that his species was, in part at least, a true Anaitides. Phyllodoce laminosa Savigny, is not an Anaitides. Mcintosh erroneously makes this a synonym of the lamellifera of Pallas, the lamelligera of Gmelin. In the Pacific A . lamellifera proper has pre- viously been recorded from the Moluccas (Fischli, supra) and from Japan (Izuka). Anaitides patagonica (Kinberg). Carohia patagonica Kinberg, Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1865, no. 4, p. 242. Phyllodoce (Anatis?) sanctae viceiUis McIntosh, Challenger Annelida, 1885, p. 166, pi. 27, fig. 9, pi. 32, fig. 8, pi. 14A, fig. 14, 15; Theadwell, Bull. U. S. fish comm., 1906, 1903, 23, pt. 3, p. 1158. Phyllodoce (Anaitis) madeiriensis Langerhan.';, Zeitschr. wiss. zooL, 1880, 33, p. 307, pi. 17, fig. 44a, 44b; Ehleks, Nach.K. gesellsch. wiss. Gottingon. Math. phys. klasse, 1897, p. 25. Phyllodoce madeiriensis Ehlers, Abhandl. K. gesellsch. wiss. Gottingen. Math. phys. klasse, 1901, p. 72. WiLLEY, Rept. voyage Southern Cross. Polychaeta,1902, p. 270; Ehlers, Deutsche Siidpolar exped., 1913, 13. Zool., 6, p. 453; Fauvel, R&ult. campag. sci. Prince Monaco, 1914, 46, p. Ill, pi. 6, fig. 5-13. Anaitides patagonica Bergstrom, Zool. bidrag, 1914, 3, p. 147. Locality. Off Peru: Sta. 4653 (lat. 5° 47' S., long. 81° 24' W.). Depth 536 fms. Bottom dark brown volcanic mud. Bottom temp. 41.3° F. 12 November, 1904. One incomplete specimen. The fragment consists of the anterior end. Exclusive of the fully protruded proboscis it is about eight nulhmeters long with a width, exclusive of the para- podia, of 1.2 mm. and over all of 3.5 mm. The extruded proboscis is 3.8 mm. long. There are forty somites present. Bergstrcm {loc. cit.) states that he has found only sixteen or eighteen papillae in the crown about the opening of the proboscis ; but in the present specimen the nimiber is seventeen, the same as given by Ehlers (op. cit., 1897, p. 28) for his South Georgian specimens. Treadwell gives sixteen for his Hawaiian speci- mens. Bergstrom finds only five papillae in the middorsal series and never more than nine or ten in each lateral series, and considers higher counts than this due to confusion between series resulting from contraction in preservation. The present specimen, however, fully substantiates WUley who found larger num- bers. In the middorsal series there are nine papiUae of which the two most prox- imal and the one most distal are smaller. In the lateral rows the number varies from ten to twelve. The tentacles do not show the proximal annulation men- tioned by Langerhans and Ehlers, this being due, most likely, to preservation. It is possible that the species is here too broadly conceived; but in the evi- dence available I find no good grounds for a division. This appears to be the ANAITIDES COMPSA. 105 second record, of the species from the Pacific Ocean, the other locality being off the Hawaiian Islands. It was previously recorded also from the Madeiras, from Patagonia, Juan Fernandez, Falkland Islands, Victoria Land and other far southern points. Anaitides COMPSA, sp. nov.^ Plate 16, fig. 8, 9; Plate 16, fig. 1-6. This is a large and showy species. Inclusive of the parapodia it appears broad, though the body proper is rather slender. It increases in width to about the eightieth somite after which it narrows gradually and continuously to the caudal end. The total length of the type is 175 mm. The greatest width, exclusive of the parapodia, is 4.2 mm., and inclusive of parapodia, 10.4 mm. The nmnber of somites is nearly thi'ee hundred and forty-five. The prostomium is decidedly flattened dorsoventrally in front and thickens caudad. In outline it is broadly subcordate, wider than long, with the greatest width to the length about as 32:27. Laterally and anteriorly widely rounded, in front projecting a little beyond the tentacles or in some nearly on a level with these. A distinct transverse sulcus between the eyes. Eyes small, circu- lar, situated at one third the length of the prostomium from its caudal border, each being about one fourth the width of the prostomiiun from the lateral edge and thus about one half the \vidth apart. The tentacles are short, stout, and conical, the dorsal ones about one fourth the greatest width of the prostomium and the ventral ones a little longer. At each side the tentacles proximally are almost contiguous and project ectad or a httle cephalad of ectad. The tentacles of each side are widely separated from those of the opposite one. The first three somites are free from the prostomiimi and from each other, the first incomplete dorsally. The tentacular ckri of the first somite reaching to the seventh somite. The dorsal tentacular cirri of the second somite reach- ing to the fifteenth somite and the ventrals to the seventh. The tentacular cirri of the third, or first setigerous, somite reacliing to somite XIV. The somites in general are very short and closely crowded, in the widest region of the body of the type being between six and seven times as wide as long. Throughout most of the body the somites are dorsaUy weakly widely convex, the convexity being stronger in the anterior region. There is no mid- ^^KoiJL. 1(11. The specimens have the usual sixteen parapodia-bearing somites. A repre- sentative specimen is 21.5 mm. long and has a maximum width, exclusive of the parapodia, of 4 nam. The body increases in length to the tenth parapo- diferous somite, and then more gradually narrows caudad from the thirteenth or fourteenth somite. The dorsum is moderately arched. HESIONE GENETTA. 187 The general color is an iridescent grey of slight yellowish cast. The dorsum of each segment is characteristically marked with dots of deep violet color. The dots on the first segment ordinarily are numerous and closely arranged or confluent in a transverse band across the caudal half. On the other seg- ments there is a triangular patch on each side between the dorsal sulcus and the parapodium, the point of the area being ventrad and a little above base of para- podiimi. On each somite between the sulci the dots are nearly absent from the anterior half, or with but a few scattered ones present, but form a continuous series across the middle in which the median one is often largest, while in the posterior part the dots tend to leave the series open at the middle and to be largest at the lateral ends. The number of series of dots on each somite is ordinarily thi-ee or four, not including the scattered ones present in the anterior region of some. In one small specimen on each somite there is but a single spot on each side above the parapodium and thi'ee transversely elongate marks on the dorsum, or these may practically unite into a single transverse stripe. In the smallest specimens there is a solid stripe across the first segment in place of the band of segregated spots of the larger ones. Also on succeediiig somites there is but a single series of marks. The marks tend to fade out on the pos- terior somites. The venter in all is wholly without dark marks. Parapodia subcylindrical, distally truncate. The neui'ocirri usually extend near or a little beyond the tips of the setae. The notocu'ri are long, clearly exceeding the width of the body and the longer ones equal in length to the longest dorsal tentacular cirri, which extend back to the middle of the sixth parapodia- bearing somite. The anal cirri in length about equal to the longer tentacular cirri. The prostomium is much narrower than the succeeding somite, strongly narrowed forward, triangular in outline, with the apex rounded and the sides more or less bulging in such way that the caudal portion may appear subquad- rate, the narrowed anterior portion depressed. In the smaller specimens the prostomium appears more subquadi'ate ; with two short, moderately acuminate tentacles, one arising on each side from a slight notch a little caudad of the anterior end. The caudal margin of prostomium may be distinctly notched. A median longitudinal fiurow extends forward from this notch to a distinct , transverse, arcuate sulcus extending between the two posterior eyes and with its convexity forwards, and continues to a second transverse sulcus between or a little in front of the anterior eyes. From the latter transverse sulcus two sulci run forwards and are connected so as to form a small subquadrate area and then 188 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. continue, each bending out to the base of the corresponding tentacle. The anterior eyes are much larger than the posterior and are much farther apart. All eyes distinct. The setae, as in several other species of the genus, are of a distinctly green- ish color excepting the transparent distal piece. The tip of the distal piece presents the usual tooth below the apex. The subapical tooth proportionately stout, nearer the apex than usual, the lamina not extending beyond the apex of the lateral tooth. (Plate 22, fig. 7, 8). Localities. Paumotu Archipelago: Fakarava. 12 October, 1899. Three specimens. Paumotu Archipelago: Makemo. Reef flat. 20, 21 October, 1899. Two specimens. These specimens agree in general with the description by Grube of speci- mens from Samoa and the Philippines. They seem to be somewhat different, however, in the form of the prostomium and the character of the furrows on its dorsal surface. But the form of the prostomium appears dissimilar in the different specimens and according to age, and especially with sUght variation in orientation when studied. Grube's description is not sufficiently exhaustive, however, to remove all doubt as to the identity of the species. Hesione panamena, sp. nov. Plate 22, fig. 9, 10. The body consists of nineteen somites, of which sixteen bear parapodia. The length of the type is 40 mm. and its greatest width between bases of para- podia is 6.6 mm., this being at the tenth somite. The dorsum is much less arched than in H. splendida Savigny, and also, to judge from descriptions, than in the closely related H. reticulata Marenzeller, and the body appears propor- tionately broader. Dorsum, excepting the lateral cushions, marked with numerous, cinnamon- colored, longitudinal lines which are interrupted. Anteriorly and as far caudad as the middle is a median dorsal Une of this color somewhat heavier than the others and on each side of tliis are five, or at places incompletely six, broken Unes, the color-pattern being thus very like that in splendida and in the Philippine form described by Grube as intertexta. The distinctly bisulcate venter is, laterad of each sulcus, a dilute cinnamon color of a vague rosy tint. Between the sulci the venter is lighter, obscure yeUow, excepting in some parts immedi- HESIONE PANAMENA. 189 ately adjacent to the sulci. The lateral cushion-like region and the parapodia are paler and also vnih the vague rosy tint excepting the parapodia. The setae are green as in various related species, excepting the distal blades which are nearly colorless. The prostomium wider than long ; sides strongly convex; convexly elevated above, and ^\ith a short median longitudinal sulcus at the caudal end which bifurcates anteriorly. Eyes of the anterior pair decidedly larger and farther apart than those of the posterior pair. Antennae broken off in the type. The peristomium dorsally very short and finely longitudinally wrinkled, while ventrally much longer than usual. The usual eight pairs of tentacular cirri present, of which the dorsal are longer; the second dorsal reaches nearly to the fifth parapodrferous somite. Parapodia proximally subcyUndrical, distally conical, with the end tnincate. The eighth parapodiimi is 1.5 mm. long, this being about the same length as the setae, or the latter but little shorter. The ventral cirri normally extend a little beyond the distal tips of the setae. The dorsal cirri are long, and apparently entire, one of the posterior region exceeding in length the distance between the tips of the setae of the two parapodia of the same somite, though most of the setae present are shorter than this. The anal cirri are of about the same length. The setae are of the prevaihng general type. The subapical tooth is small, often rounded, and inserted above the middle of the distance between attach- ment of the covering lamella and the tip of the seta. The lamella extends much distad of the tooth, opposite which it is excavated ; it is nearly straight excepting sometimes at its tip, and the space between it and the seta proper is always narrow and sUt-Uke. (Plate 22, fig. 9, 10). The proboscis is not extruded in the type. Locality. Panama. Shore. 12 March, 1891. One specimen. This form in general structure and appearance is near H. splendida Savigny. Augener (Fauna Slidw.-Austr. Polych., 1, 1913, 4, p. 187) gives a wide scope to splendida. I beheve he includes two or more definitely separable specific forms mider that name. Not to mention other differences, an exami- nation of the setae of specimens of H. splendida (sicula Claparede) from the Mediterranean shows constant differences from those of H. panamena, the subapical tooth being decidedly longer and the lamella shorter and not passing beyond the tooth (Plate 22, fig. 11, 12). The figm'es given by St. Joseph (Ann. sci. nat., 1897, ser. 8, 5, pi. 19, fig. 136) and by Mcintosh (Challenger Annehda, 1885, p. 185, pi. 15A, fig. 10) for this species (under the name of 190 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. H. pantherina) as found on the coasts of France and at the Cape Verde Islands respectively, agree with my Mediterranean specinaens in this regard, so that I think the character must be regarded as constant. Marenzeller's figure of the seta (Sudjapan. Anneliden, 1879, pi. 3, f. 4) of his H. reticulata {Cf. Plate 22, fig. 13) shows a form different from that of the real H. splendida, as I believe, and that species seems therefore valid. The figures given by Gravier (Nouv. arch. Mus. hist. nat. 1900, ser. 4, 2, p. 175, 177, fig. 43-45) of the seta of his H. ehlersi {Cf. Plate 22, fig. 14) also represent a clearly different form, and I think the species will be found to be vahd in spite of an error as to a principal character upon which the separation was originally based. Leocrates Kinberg. Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1865, no. 4, p. 244; McInto.su, British annelids, 1908, 2, pt. 1, p. 130. Lamprophaes GnunE, Jahresb. Schlcs. gesellseh., 1866, 44, p. 65. Tyrrhena CLAPAnfeDE, Annelidcs Chctop. Golfe Naples, 1868, p. 227. Dalhousia McIntosh, Challenger Annelida, 1885, p. 186. Leocrates iris (Grube). Lamprophaes iris Gritbe, Annulata Semperiana, 1878, p. 105; Jahresb. Schles. gesellseh., 1866, 44, p. 65. Locality. Society Islands: Papeete. Shore. 9 November, 1899. One specimen. The species is also known to occur in the Samoan and Philippine regions. Leocrates anomalus, sp. nov.^ The body is strongly fusiform and somewhat more narrowed caudad than cephalad. It is widest in the region of the eighth and ninth somites. The somites are shortest at the ends of the body. No dividing lines between somites are indicated on the dorsal sm-face. Length 17 mm.; greatest width of body proper, 3.25 mm. The original color rather uncertain. At present the type is of a pearly yellowish grey color, with the dorsum somewhat dusky caudally and laterally and without markings. The venter with a pale median line, bordered on each side by a dark line. The prostomium in the type somewhat shrunken, appearing subquadrate ' 'I'unaXos, anomalous. NEREIDAE. 191 or even a little wider in front of the anterior eyes than at base. Notched above in the median line at base and longitudinally furrowed in front of the notch, with a sulcus bending out toward each anterior eye and a quadrate figure in front of this outlined by sulci. The unpaired tentacle inserted in the caudal region, as usual, and lying in the median fiurow. On each side there are the bases of eight tentacular cu-ri, all having been broken off so that their lengths cannot be determined; but the bases of the upper ones are much the stoutest, and of these the second from the most pos- terior is thickest and the most anterior one smallest. First three parapodia with only neuropodium and neuropodial setae. Those succeeding have, in addition, a notopodium which appears as a tubercle on the dorsal side at the base of the neuropodium, this bearing finer, simple capillary setae in contrast with the usual compound setae of the neuropodium. The cirri are all broken off near the base. The bases of the first four pairs of noto- cin'i are conspicuously thicker than those following and of these the cirri of the first pair are stoutest, being of nearly the same thickness as the largest of the tentacular cirri. Each neui'opodium bears an acutely pointed, auriculiform process at its distal end above or dorsocephalad. Most notopodia are narrowed to a point ventrad of the setae. All setae in the type are colorless and transparent, or nearly so, or in part show a vague and very dilute greenish yellow cast. The capillary setae in the posterior segments are numerous, the notopodial fascicles being large and con- spicuous and extending beyond the distal end of the neuropodia. The tips of all the neuropodial setae are missing so that their structure could not be determined. The proboscis, unlike that of other species recorded from the Indo-Pacific region, presents near its distal rim, when extended, a half circle of conspicuous, chitinized, rounded papillae, these forming a half-crown across the dorsal half of the proboscis with none on the ventral half. The papillae are ten in number. Locality. Marshall Islands. A single specimen came up on anchor from a depth of 12 fms. Albatross Exped. 1899-1900. This form is characterized chiefly by the half-crown of chitinous papillae at the end of the proboscis, a character seeming at once to separate it from the preceding and from other species of the region. Nereid AE. This is one of the most homogeneous and clearly defined families of the Polychaeta, the characteristic and obvious structural appearance ordinarily 192 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. making possible their easy recognition. The body is elongated and cylindrical, or but moderately depressed. The somites are numerous and in the ordinary or atokous stage all are similar, excepting the usual modifications in the terminal ones. The prostomium is distinct and well formed. It bears two pairs of eyes, or these may rarely be absent. There is one pair of tentacles, and a pair of palpi which are characteristically massive and two-jointed, with the terminal joint short. The peristomium bears two pairs of tentacular cirri and may rarely bear parapodia and setae also. The parapodia in general are biramous, though the most anterior one or two pairs may be uniramous and the most posterior ones may be modified from the prevailing type. The notopodium is occasionally rudimentary (Namaner- eis and Lycastoides) . Notocirri and neurocirri present. The setae are composite and occur in two forms as to the character of the articulation, namely the unsynunetrical, or heterogomph, and the symmetrical, or homogomph, tjrpes. Usually both kinds occur at the same time, but not always, one type in some forms prevailing exclusively. Stout spines, or crochets, rarely present (Uncinereis, gen. nov.). The nephridia consist of long, convoluted tubules, each of which ends internally in an open ciliated funnel, or nephrostome. The pygidium in general bears two anal cirri. The proboscis in extrusion presents two distinct regions or rings, a distal, or maxillary, ring and a basal one. Each of these is again more or less clearly divisible into six areas, three dorsal and three ventral, which are indicated in descriptions as follows: — the median dorsal maxillary area is I, each lateral dorsal maxillary area II ; the corresponding ventral areas of the maxillary ring, III and IV respectively; the corresponding areas on the basal ring above are V and VI, and below VII and VIII. The proboscis always bears distally a pair of maxillae curved toward each other and dentate on the mesal edge. The surface of the proboscis otherwise may be smooth, or it may bear upon all or part of the areas small, soft or hard papillae, or teeth, the paragnatha, which are of much significance in classification. Wliile some species of nereids reproduce without changing their ordinary asexual body-form, many more undergo a pronounced metamorphosis affecting both the external and the internal structm'e at the time of sexual maturity and at the same time assume a pelagic life. The epitokous form, in general, is NEREID AE. 193 spoken of as the " heteronereis " stage. Heteronereis was erected as a genus by Oersted (Annulatorum Danicorum conspectus, 1843, p. 19) for epitokous forms of Nereis under the assumption that they were independent of any other known forms. In the metamorphosis into the heteronereis form the eyes increase in size, often to a marked degree, the prostomium may become indistinguishable though sometimes becoming otherwise modified, and the palpi commonly undergo a more or less pronounced reduction. At the same time the body becomes marked off into two regions differing strongly in the appearance of the parapodia of the two parts. Of these the anterior, or so-called nereid division, which is comparatively short, retains parapodia of the ordinary form, while the posterior or heteronereid division has parapodia conspicuously modified. These com- monly bear special foliaceous lobes and numerous, large, special, natatory setae. The sexual products arise in the posterior division where they may remain, giving it a darker and more opaque appearance contrasting with the commonly colorless and often transparent anterior region, or the products in other cases crowd forward into all the somites. Between the epitokous male and female a sexual dimorphism exists which is often very striking. Differences between the two forms are noticeable, particularly in the tentacles, palpi, and cirri, and sometimes in the prostomium (C/. Platynereis polyscalma, sp. nov. p. 219). The genus Eunereis of Malmgren, which has proved valid, was based upon the . epitokous form of E. longissima Johnston ; and Naumachius Kinberg and Hedyle Malmgren were apparently based upon the epitokous forms of species of Pseudo- nereis. The real relationship of the heteronereis was first established by Malm- gren (Zeitschr. wiss. zool., 1869, 19, p. 466) in Nereis pelagica. One and the same species may exhibit both a smaller, active, pelagic epitokous form and a larger, sedentary heteronereis which remains in a tube on the bottom, as has been well estabhshed e.g., in Nereis dumerili (Cf. Westinghausen, Mitth. Zool. stat. Neapel, 1891, 10; Mesnil and Caullery, Ann. Univ. Lyon, 1898, p. 146, ff.). It may also happen that a species may at one time reach sexual maturity without undergoing any metamorphosis, while at other times in passing into the epitokous stage it undergoes the change into the heteronereis. Viviparity, as an occasional but probably not necessary phenomenon, has been established for some species, such as the hermaphroditic (proterandrous) Nereis diversicolor. The nereids are essentially Uttoral animals, occurring mostly between the tide-marks or at but moderate depths, though sometimes found down as deep as 1,525 fms. {e.g., Nereis longisetis). They commonly construct tubes in the fissures in rocks or under stones, in the mud in the eel-grass stretches, and in 194 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. sponges or the stalks of decaying sea-weeds. They are not infrequent in the coralline and laminarian regions. As a rule they rapidly reform their com- monly thin, transparent and often collapsible tubes when released in an aquarium. While most nereids are strictly marine, some may live in brackish and even in fresh water, such being the case with most of the species of Namanereis (com- monly designated Lycastis) . A species of the closely related genus Lycastoides, L. alticola Johnson, was found in a fresh water stream of southern Cahfornia at an altitude 7,000 feet above sea-level (Cf. Ehlers, Nach. K. gesselsch. wiss. Gottingen. Math. phys. klasse, 1897, p. 70; Gravier, Bull. Soc. hist. nat. Autun, 1901, 14, p. 29; Johnson, Mark anniversary vol., 1903, p. 210). Some forms are commensal, such as Nereis fucata and others which live with the hermit- crab in shells of Buccinum, etc. {Cf. Mcintosh, British annelids, 1910, 2, pt. 1, p. 259; Harrington, Trans. N. Y. acad. sci., 1898, 16, p. 214). Some nereids live largely upon Algae, such being the case with Nereis cul- trifera Grube and A'^. pelagica Linne. In addition the members of the family feed upon small ova, sponges, Crustacea, and also upon other anneUds. Key to Genera. a. Tentacles arising from a very long common basal article inserted anteromesally on the prostomium. (Pelagic form) Kainonereis, gen. nov. aa. Tentacles with no such common basal article. 6. Proboscis with no paragnatha. c. Nereids with dendritic branchiae Dendronereis Peters. cc. With no dendritic branchiae. d. Noto)5odium rudimentary. e. Prostomium anteriorly deeply incised; tentacular cirri on each side arising from an elon- gate common basal article Lycastoides Johnson. ce. Prostomium anteriorly not thus deeply incised; tentacular cirri not arising on each side from a long common basal article Nainanereis, gen. nov.' dd. Notopodium well developed. e. Peristomiuni with parapodia and setae Micronereis Claparede. ee. Peristomiuni witliout parapodia or setae Lepionereis Kinberg. &6. Proboscis with paragnatha. c. Paragnatha all soft (papillae). d. Setae of two lands; eyes none Chaunorhynchus, nom. nov.^ dd. Setae all of one kind, homogomphs; four eyes present Tylonereis Fauvel. cc. Hard, chitinous or callous paragnatha present. d. Paragnatha all simply hard or callous TyUcirhyiichus Grube. dd. Horny or chitinous paragnatha present. e. Both chitinous and soft paragnatha present Leonnaies Kinberg. ee. Paragnatha all chitinous. /. Paragnatha conical, all separated from each other. g. Paragnatha occurring on both rings of the proboscis. ' vaiia, a stream or spring, in allusion to the occurrence of most species of this genus in fresh and brackish water. - Pro Ceratocephale or, as commonly, Ceratocephala, Malmgrcn, preoccupied in Crustacea, xawoj, gaping, flaccid, and piiyxos, snout. NEREIDAE. 195 h. Paragnatha present on all eight areas Neanthes Kinberg. hh. Paragnatha absent from one or more of the areas. ('. Groups I, II, and V lacking Cirronereis Ivinberg. M . Group V, or V and VI, lacking Nereis Linn6. gg. Paragnatha present on only one ring of the proboscis. /). Pre.sent only on the maxillary ring Ceratonereis Kinberg. hh. Present only on the basal ring Eunereis Malmgren. //. Paragnatha not all conical and at the same time well separated. g. Paragnatha all of one form, very small, and arranged in dense series or pcctinae. (Groups I, II, V, and sometimes VI, VII, and VIII lacking.) h. Stout crochets present in all but the most anterior notopodia in addition to the ordinary setae Uncinereis, gen. nov. hh. No crochets present. i. Group I lacking Piaenoe Kinberg. it. Groups I, II, V, and sometimes VI, VII, and VIII lacking. . Platynereis ICinberg. gg. Paragnatha of two or three forms, conical and transverse, or else these and in addition the pectinate type. h. Of two forms, conical and transverse, separated. i. All groups present Pcrmercis Ivinberg. a. Group V lacking Areta Kinberg. hh. Of three forms, conical, transverse, and pectinate Pseiidonereis Kinberg. Synonymy of Genera. Numerous other generic names have been proposed ; but nearly all of them must be included in those designated in the analysis above. Until their type- species shall have been restudied it must remain impossible satisfactorily to place Typhlonereis and PhyUonereis of Hansen and Nossis of Kinberg. Not a few species have been so inadequately described that it is now difficult or impos- sible to identify them generically. Unless some other characters than those presented by the proboscis and its armature shall be found it may become neces- sary still further to combine some of the genera recognized here, since variations in the arrangement and even in the form of the paragnatha are considerable in some species, particularly between smaller specimens and the fully grown ones (C/- Ehlers, Festsch. K. gesellsch. Gottingen, 1901, p. 112) discussion under Nereis variegata Grube which he identifies with Mastigonereis podocirra Schmarda, M. longicirra Schmarda, Paranereis elegans Kinberg, Nereis obscura Hansen, N. coerulea Hansen, N. micropthalma Hansen, A'^. stimpsonis Grube, A'', ferox Hansen and Naumachius pannosus (Grube) Kinberg. Since Ehlers, from a study of type-specimens and more abundant new material, finds pannosus of Grube, as identified by Kinberg and by him made the type of Naumachius, to be identical with elegans Kinberg, the type of Para- nereis, these two genera must be merged; and since they in turn cannot be kept distinct from Pseudonereis, all three must apparently be combined. Of these Pseudonereis has the priority. Naumacliius appears to have been based on the epitokous form. 196 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. Hedyle Malmgren was also based upon an epitokous form of a species of Perinereis. Included under Perinereis are also Malmgren's genera Lipephile and Stratonice. Nereilepas and Hediste have by some authors been so con- ceived as in part to cover this genus; but their types carry them to Nereis. Arete Kinberg is kept apart here tentatively but is quite likely also to have to be included; and Perinereis may in turn possibly have to be united with Pseudo- nereis. Leontis Malmgren and Iphinereis Malmgren (based on the epitokous stage) are the same as Platynereis Kinberg. Nicon Kinberg and Nicomedes Kinberg are sjTionymous with Leptonereis, the former also being preoccupied (Gray, Mammals, 1847). Alitta Kinberg is regarded as not differing generically from Neanthes Kinberg. Lycastis Savigny (Descript. Egypte. Hist, nat., 1809 [= 1822], 1, pt. 3, p. 45) was proposed for Nereis armillaris O. F. Miiller; but as this species proves to belong under Syllis in the Syllidae, the nereid generic group to which Lycastis has long been apphed remains without a name. To supply the lack Namanereis is proposed with N. quadraiiceps Gay as the type. Kainonereis, gen. nov.^ Prostomium short and narrow, narrowed cephaloventrad. Tentacle long, single, bifid at tip, varicose or annulated (male). Palpi reduced; biarticulate ; with proximal article stout, the distal more slender and soft. Fovu" eyes, large, the two of each side close together, the anterior more lateral in position, the posterior more dorsal and on caudal region of prostomium. Nuchal organs simple, ciliated pits. Peristomium with four pairs of tentacular cirri which are varicose or annu- lated (male). All parapodia biramous, each branch supported by a single, stout aciculum. Dorsal branch with two ligulae, the ventral with one. Setae all compound. Shafts strongly cross-striate. Neiu-opodial setae of anterior, or nereis region, falcate and setose. The notopodials in the anterior part of this region coarser and darker, with the distal piece short and distaUy blunt. Both dorsal and ventral cirri present. The notocirrus in anterior region expanded proximally and on some with the expanded region very large (fifth, sixth, and seventh pairs in type), forming elytra-like organs. Both notocirri and neurocirri in the ' KoivAs, unusual, and Nereis. KAINONEREIS ALATA. 197 heteronereis region with foliaceous expansions proximally. In this region also a special, additional foUaceous appendage at tip of the neuropodium and all setae replaced by the larger, paddle-shaped swimming setae. Anal cirri two ; annulated. Alimentary canal straight. Oesophagus with a pair of caeca. Genotype. — K. alata, sp. nov. This form is unquestionably very close to Nereis to which its precise rela- tionship can be decided only when the other phases of the type-species are known. It is given separate generic rank here chiefly because of the highly peculiar, long, single process bifm-cate at the tip and which may be morphologi- cally double or else may represent an extremely elongate anterior division of the prostomium, bearing at its tip the two short tentacles; and the elytriform de- velopments, possibly peculiar to the male, on three of the anterior pairs of para- podia, though special developments of parapodial structures are not infrequent in the family. One form of the anterior notopodial setae is quite special, but by itself would scarcely be regarded as of more than specific value. The reduction in size of the palpi is not infrequent in the males of Nereis. • Kainonereis alata, sp. nov.^ Plate 28, fig. 6-8; Plate 29, fig. 1-8. Epitokous or Heteronereis Phase. Body-waU colorless and transparent, but the body contents in part giving a brownish tinge. Appendages colorless. Setae colorless and transparent. The body is widest near the middle of the length, from where it narrows caudad to a point and cephalad to a much narrower anterior region consisting of five somites in front of the elytrophorous ones. These anterior somites narrow more gi-adually toward the cephalic region. A typical specimen, 10.5 mm. long, which seems to be about the average, consists of fifty-six somites. The prostomium is short and narrow, clearly deeper dorsoventrally than either the length or the width. The dorsal sm-face anteriorly between the anterior eyes is raised into a conspicuous, low, subcorneal, distally rounded ele- vation which bears at the top two small, transparent, secondary eminences or knobs. It may also be elevated at the posterior end above between the pos- terior eyes. The anterior svirface is incurved at about the middle height above, 'filatus, winged. 198 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. bulging out below this and extending into the long single tentacle. This ten- tacle seems to correspond to the usual paired tentacles since it is bifui'cate at the tip. The tentacle is a little less than three times as long as the prostomium is high. The bifm'cation at the tip is somewhat variable, but never exceeds one foiirth the total length. The tentacle increases in thickness proximad. It is distinctly annulated or jointed throughout its length, the joints short and num- erous. The palpi arise on the ventral sm-face immediately in front of the mouth and project a little caudad of ventrad. Each in length is about equal to the height of the prostomium and is conspicuously biarticulate, the proximal joint thicker and stouter, with sometimes faint signs of a secondary joint proximally. The distal joint is elliptic in outline, narrowly rounded distally. There are two pau's of eyes. Of these the posterior ones are dorsolateral in position, each occu- pying a caudolateral corner of the prostomium, with their axes directed ecto- dorsad. They are nearly circular in outline and are about their diameter apart. The anterior eyes are situated on the sides of the prostoiriium, each cephaloventrad of the corresponding posterior eye and with the axis directed ectad. They are decidedly smaller than the posterior ones and are less circular in outline, being broadly obovate to subelliptic. All eyes are very strongly convex. (Plate 28, fig. 6). The peristomium is decidedly longer than the prostomium and also clearly exceeds the second somite. It is wider than the prostomium and projects much below it. The border of the mouth is crossed radially by impressed lines or wrinkles. There are four pairs of tentacular cirri, all those of each side being attached close together between the eye and the mouth. The dorsal anterior cirrus is largest of the four. It is in length but Uttle longer than the tentacle and reached to the fourth somite or, in some, only to the third. The anterior ventral tentacular cirrus is much shorter ; but it is stouter and somewhat longer than the posterior ventral which, in tui'n, is longer than the posterior dorsal which seems normally to differ in being of more uniform diameter and blunt distally. The style of each cirrus is constricted at the base and attached tlirough the mediiun of a short, narrow cirrophore. The cirri are all annulate or varicose and all, except possibly the dorsal posterior ones, are conspicuously pointed distad. A small, simple nuchal pit occurs on each side back of the eye and close to the base of the upper posterior tentacular cirrus. (Plate 28, fig. 6). The succeeding or normal setigerous somites are all sharply separated from each other. The anterior four or five are particularly highly convexly arched above, and are also convexly but less strongly arched below. In the middle KAINONEREIS ALATA. 199 and posterior regions the arching is proportionately less strong. The second somite is two thirds as long as wide, essentially the same proportions being maintained also in the next five somites. The seventh somite widens from in front to the caudal end. The eighth somite is typically proportionately abruptly shorter, being but one half as long as wide, while the ninth is about two and a half times wider than long. The pygidium is small and bears two anal cirri. Each anal cirrus has a distinct, thicker cirrophore, upon which is borne the style. The style is short, when laid along the body reaching to the fom'th somite from the caudal end. It is moderately tapered distad and is constricted at the extreme base. It is strongly annulate like the other cirri. (Plate 28, fig. 7). The parapodia are attached laterally near the middle of the height. On the most anterior somites they are attached at the anterior end, but caudad they gradually shift to a middle position. The first eleven pah's of parapodia are contrasted with the others in being shorter and, in preserved specimens, at least, in projecting more directly ectad, the larger posterior ones projecting caudad of ectad, in not bearing foliaceous appendages on the neuropodia, and in their setae. The anterior parapodia differ in length among themselves, becom- ing progressively shorter in proceeding from the thirteenth forward to the first pair. All parapodia are biacicular and biramous, with each branch termi- nating in one or two special finger-like processes, and bear notocirri and neuro- cirri. In the short anterior parapodia the notopodium is a little reduced. Its two distal digitate processes are short and slender. One of these, the more dorsal, is in connection with the aciculum. The setae are few and of a special type. The neuropodium shows two short terminal processes, from one of which the setae arise and into which the aciculum extends without protruding through the surface; the second process is on the ventral side. The neurocirrus is attached on the ventral side at the very base; its cirrophore is thick and short; the style above its constricted base short and narrowly conical and not attain- ing the end of the neuropodimn. The notocirrus arises on the dorsal side near the middle of the length fi"om a very low elevation, or cirrophore; its style is narrow at the base, expanding at the middle into a small lamellar structure from one side of which a slender, pointed, finger-like process extends. (Plate 29, fig. 4) . The parapodia of the fifth, sixth, and seventh pairs are strikingly differentiated from the others in having the dorsal expansions on the notocirri greatly enlarged to form broad, subcircular elytra, the finger-like process itself being also much thicker than in the notocirri of other parapodia. (Plate 28, fig. 9 ; Plate 29, fig. 2) . In the notopodium several of the special stout setae appear, while the number of 200 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. the ordinary composite setae in the neuropodium increases. In the somites immediately following the seventh the elytra-like expansions of the notocirri are again lacking, but the notocirri undergo further progressive modifications, coming to appear as a thin membranous wing along the parapodium, with at the distal end a distinct, finger-like process, while the proximal end of the membrane is also free for a short distance ; the acicular process at the end of the notopodium and the other finger-like appendage become longer and about the same in size as the process on the neuropodium. The setae of these notopodia follo\ving the seventh are the same as those of the neuropodium, the special coarse setae being abruptly replaced. The neuropodia of the eighth, ninth, and eleventh parapodia remain nearly the same as in the more anterior ones. (Plate 29, fig. 3). In the twelfth the setigerous process bears at the distal end a thin, mem- branous, leaf-like process which on the thirteenth becomes much larger and narrowly subovate, with the distal end rounded. In the latter, too, the neuro- cirri have become proximally memb^'anous, with a slender, cylindrical, distal process, at one or both sides of the base of which is a low, rounded process often giving the neurocirrus the appearance of being doubled. (Plate 29, fig. 4). In the fourteenth and fifteenth parapodia the membranous appendage to the neuropodium has become still larger and reaches nearly to the ends of the shafts of the setae; it is very finely veined. The notocirral fringe becomes larger, the proximal end free as an angular, distally narrowly rounded lobe, while the distal process is more elongate; it hes commonly close against the large, non-acicular, notopodial process proximally. At the base of this finger-like, terminal noto- cirral process there are two, slight, rounded lobes on opposite sides. This is the typical form of parapodium prevailing throughout the remaining portion of the body. (Plate 29, fig. 5). In the caudal region the parapodia become reduced in size, but the same structures remain evident and retain the natatory setae throughout. The terminal neuropodial membrane is usually somewhat obliquely subtruncate across the distal end, with a small mucron at the middle. Two acicula in each parapodium, one in each branch. These are black and conspicuous, finely pointed distad, each extending into a special acicular process. The setae are all compound, but are of three distinct primary types. The noto- podial setae of the first seven pairs of parapodia are of a special type. (Plate 29, fig. 7). They are black or dark brown in color like the acicula. The shaft is gently doubly curved and terminates distally in a deep socket of homogomph form bent a little to one side. The shaft is strongly cross-striate throughout its length. The terminal piece is short and distally blunt or rounded, and a KAINONEREIS ALATA. 201 little notched on each side toward the base where the corresponding edge of the socket meets it, the piece being thus loosely clamped in place. Along one side it is closely, finely setose. In the most anterior parapodia these setae may not be above two in number, but the number increases to three or fouJr in the para- podia bearing the elytra. Behind these the dark special setae just described are replaced by setae like those of the neuropodia. (Plate 28, fig. 8). These are colorless and transparent and are clearly more slender than the dark anterior notopodials. The shaft is more strongly curved distad and ends in a socket that is more asymmetrical, one of its sides rising considerably higher than the other, but still more conformable to the homogomph than to the heterogomph type of Claparede (Annelides Chetop. Golfes Naples, Suppl., 1870, p. 42). The distal end of the shaft is a little clavately enlarged. The shaft is strongly cross- striate, the striations commonly in two contiguous bands. The terminal piece is narrow, moderately short, and narrows to an acute tip. It is closely, finely setose along one edge. It varies in length, that of the most dorsal ones in the series being longest. While the neuropodial setae in the anterior parapodia much exceed the notopodials in number, behind the elytra the notopodials in- crease in number until they much exceed the neuropodials in the posterior part of the anterior series and in some succeeding oens of the second series. Begin- ning with the twelfth parapodia, this second type of setae is abruptly replaced both on notopodia and on neuropodia by a thii-d type differing especially in being larger and in having the terminal piece much larger and broader, more paddle-like, widening from the base to distad of the middle, and then again narrowing to the acute or subacute tip. The terminal piece along one edge is very finely and shortly serrate. (Plate 29, fig. 6). Some of the notopodials, e.g., those of the twelfth parapodia, have much shorter terminal pieces, which, however, are the same in structure as the others; they are in the more dorsal position. The number of setae, both neuropodial and notopodial, much increases toward the middle of the body, where also inequality in the number of setae in the two rami becomes less or not at all noticeable. The pharynx is straight. The oesophagus is similarly straight. It is abruptly much narrower than the pharynx and bears at its anterior end the usual pair of simple caeca. (Plate 29, fig. 8). The proboscis in no case is extended. The jaws are colorless, relatively long and slender, each ^vith eight teeth. Other armatm'e was not detected in the specimen dissected. Locality. Gilbert Island: off Apaiang. Surface, by electric light. 3 January, 1900. About twelve specimens. 202 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. All of the type-specimens as preserved are flexed into a semicircle, with the concavity dorsal. The strongly narrowed anterior region, with the three pairs of large elytra, give to this form a very characteristic appearance. Aside from the peculiar tentacle, the form of the notopodial setae of the most anterior parapodia seems to be especially distinctive. Nereis Linne. Syst. nat. ed. 10, 1758, 1, p. 654; Cuvier, Rrgne anim., 1817, 2, p. 524; Audouin & Milnk Edwards, Hist.nat. Ltt. France. Annelides, 1834, 2, p. 181; Ehlers, Borstenwiirmer, 1S68, p. 450; St. Joseph, Ann. sci.nat., 1897, ser. 5, 8, p. 285; McIntosh, British annelids, 1910, 2, pt. 2, p. 267 (in part). Lycoris Savignt, Desoript. Egypte. Hist, nat., 1809 [ = 1822], 1, pt. 3, p. 29. Nereilepas Blainville, Diet. sci. nat., 1828, 57, p. 469. Heteroncreis Oersted, Annulatorum Danicorum conspectus, 1843, p. 19. Mastigonereis Schmarda, Neue wirbellose tliiere, 1861, 1, p. 107. IJohndoniu Qu.atrefages, Ann. sci. nat., 1849, ser. 3, 12, p. 304. Thoosa KiNBERG, Ofvers. K. vet. akad. Forh., 1865, no. 4, p. 172. Hedisle Malmgren, Annulata Polychacta, 1867, p. 48. Praxithea Malmgren, Op. cit., 1867, p. 50. Nereis segrex, sp. nov.i Plate 32, fig. 3-5. General color yellowish, without markings. The tentacles and cirri are whitish. The type is incomplete caudally. The portion present consists of thirty- eight somites. It is 22 mm. long and has a maximum width, exclusive of para- podia, of 3.2 miB., and inclusive of parapodia, of 4.6 mm., while to the tips of the setae, the width is 6.3 mm. The body is widest anteriorly at about the sixth somite, from where it narrows continuously caudad and also cephalad to the second somite, which is narrower than the peristomium. The body is also highest in the region of the greatest width. The prostomium in general outline as seen from above is roughly triangular. It presents a short protrusion between the palpi which is truncate and bears the tentacles. The dorsal surface in general is weakly and evenly convex except- ing for a shallow and wide median depression anteriorly. There are no traces of pigmented eyes, but colorless convex areas apparently represent them. Of these the anterior ones are much the larger. The palpi are very thick and extend forward nearly as far as the tentacles. Each is attached obliquely along ' segrex, separated from the flock or company. NEREIS SEGREX. 203 the side of the prostomium, the surface of attachment extending from base of the prostomium to within a short distance of its distal end. The basal article is weakly conically narrowed toward its end, where it is truncate. The distal article is abruptly much narrower and is subcylindric and short. The median anterior extension of the prostomium is a little constricted or grooved a short distance proximad of its cUstal margin. The tentacles, though not contiguous, are attached close together and project directly cephalad. They are subulate and wholly smooth. The peristomium above is somewhat more than two thirds the length of the prostomimB and one and a third times as long as the second somite. It is narrowest across its caudal end. The lower half of the somite, from the middle of each side across to that of the other, forms a thickened lower lip which is crossed longitudinally by numerous deep sulci. The dorsal part of the ring is smooth, or nearly so. On each side a somewhat semicircular lobe from a deeper level projects cephalad against the base of the palpus and bears the tentacular cirri. Each tentacular cirrus has a very short, relatively thick cirro- phore, the style being slender and subulate and wholly smooth. All of the tentacular cirri are short. Each anterior ventral cutus is attached at the anterior margin of the cirriferous lobe, and when laid back reaches only upon the peristomium itself or barely to the anterior border of the second sonaite. It projects normally ectoventrocephalad. The anterior dorsal cutus is attached immediately dorsad of the ventral, theu" cirrophores being contiguous at base, and projects a little ectad of dorsad. When laid back along the body, it reaches to the third somite. The posterior dorsal, which is attached just dorsad of the ventral, has a cirrophore longer than that of the others and reaches back upon the fourth somite. The metastomial somites are all essentially undivided, though in the middle region of the body they may show a shallow and rather wide transverse furrow that cxirves caudad at the ends in crescentic manner and separates off a caudal, more elevated, region. On each side above the base of the parapodium, the somite is elevated in a glandular area not present on the most anterior somites and in the more caudal ones becoming more elongate and narrow. The somites are strongly arched above and are flattened ventrally, where they show a distinct and rather deep neural furrow excepting on the first few. The somites increase in length caudad to the sixth, when they decrease and quickly attain a length that is uniform over the remaining part of the type. A typical parapodium is strongly flattened in the direction of the long axis 204 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. of the body, is deep dorsoventrally and of moderate length. It presents four subcorneal lobes, of which the two submedian ones project distinctly farther distad than the others. The dorsal lobe presents a swollen basal region of con- siderable size, from the dorsal edge of which the slender notocirrus arises and from the anterior side of which the large, basally much inflated, distally conical, process extends forwards. The notocirrus, which is slenderly tapered distad, extends to or, more commonly, clearly beyond the distal end of the main conical dorsal lobe. The ventral lobe arises near the base of the parapodium, extend- ing first ventrad and then bending distad at right angles to its basal portion. It is subconical, but is more or less abruptly reduced in diameter near the middle of its length. The neurocirrus is attached at the extreme base of the parapodium, extending ventrad in the narrow space between the ventral lobe and then curv- ing distad. It is slightly more slender than the notochrus. The notopodium is a short lobe having an oblique distal surface, with the lower angle protruding distad into a conspicuous conical process, at the dorsal edge of the base of which the aciculum emerges. This lobe extends as a low ridge or presetal membrane, a slighter one being present as a postsetal lobe. The neuropodium is a little less thick than the notopodium. At the distal end it is similarly produced into a conical lobe caudoventrad of the setae. The aciculum extends into the upper part of the process, emerging from its dorsal sm-face. The expansion of the dorsal lobe from which the style of the notocirrus arises becomes reduced in the most anterior parapodia, in the first pair appearing as an ordinary cirrophore. (Plate 32, fig. 5). There are two acicula in each parapodium, one in each ramus. They are dense black in color, and taper to a slenderly acute tip. The neuropodial acic- ulum curves conspicuously ventrad, entering the distal neuropodial process and running beneath its dorsal surface to the point of emergence. The noto- podial aciculum curves dorsad, emerging at the base of the distal process. The setae of the nevuopodial fascicles are much more numerous than those of the notopodial and are ob\'iously longer. The setae are all compound and are of two types. The notopodials are all of one type. These have slender shafts which are strongly finely cross-striate, or camerated, and end in slightly widened, symmetrical, or homogomphus, sockets. The apical piece, or blade, is long, tapering to a fine tip, and is fringed densely along one margin proximad of the smooth tip. In the neiu-opodium the more numerous setae are of the same type as those of the notopodium ; but in the ventral part of the fascicle are a number of setae of a second type. These have stouter but similarly strongly camerated NEREIS LEUCA. 205 shafts ending in unsymmetrical, or heterogomphous, sockets. The blade in these heterogomphs is short. It ends in a slender, short, distally narrowly rounded end region which is not dentate, proximad of which along one margin it is densely fringed. (Plate 32, fig. 4, 5). The proboscis is but little extruded, making a detailed account of the number and arrangement of the paragnatha impracticable. Of the areas of the oral ring, V and VI are wholly unarmed ; VII bears small, nodular paragnatha irregularly transversely arranged across its extreme distal end; each area VIII lacks paragnatha excepting a few in the portion contiguous with VII, from the group on which they are not separated and might be regarded as belonging with them rather than on VIII. All maxillary areas seem to bear a few paragnatha. These are longer and more conical than those of the proximal ring. They are few in number and isolated from each other. Locality. Off Isthmus of Panama, 72 m. S. W. of Mariato Point: Sta. 4631 (lat. 6° 26' N., long. 84° 49' W.). Depth 774 fms. Bottom of green sand. Bottom temp. 38° F. 3 November, 1904. One specimen. Aside from the distinctive nature of the arrangement of the paragnatha, a characteristic feature of this species is the uniformity in character of the para- podia, with the much enlarged proximal or cirrophorous region of the notocirrus and the much inflated dorsal lobe in front of it. In side view these enlargements in their relation to the cutus appear much like those of some species of the Alitta (Thoosa) group of Klnberg, excepting that they are not foliaceous. The non-pigmented condition of the ocular areas may be a normal and degenerate state in the species. Nereis leuca, sp. nov.' Plate 32, fig. 6-8; Plate 33, fig. 1-6. Epitokous Male (Heteronereis). Body colorless and transparent throughout, excepting the eyes, which are black as usual, though the posterior division of the body appears somewhat darkened from its contents. Total length 16 mm. Greatest width, exclusive of parapodia, 1.5 mm. The nereid and heteronereid divisions are sharply distinguished as usual, the heteronereid division the longer. The nereid division consists of seventeen ' XeuKos, colorless. 206 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. somites of which sixteen are setigerous, the heteronereid of about sixty, giving a total of nearly seventy-seven. The anterior division is of uniform width from its caudal end to the middle, from where it narrows a Uttle forward to the pros- tomium. The posterior di\'ision is widest near its anterior end from where it narrows uniformly to the caudal end. The prostomium is quadrangular with a much narrower median process extending forward in front of the eyes. It is wider than the total length in about the ratio eight to seven. The preocular process has above a shallow, median longitudinal furrow. The four eyes are equal and moderate in size. Those of the two pairs are the same distance apart and the two of each side are contiguous. The lens of each anterior eye is directed dorsocephaloectad, that of each posterior one dorsocaudoectad. The tentacles are attached on the lower border of the preocular lobe and project cephaloventrad. They are slenderly subulate. The palpus is attached caudoectad of the corresponding tentacle, below the angle at the junction of ocular and preocular divisions of prostomium, and projects a little cephaloectad of ventrad. The proximal article is long and thick, a little compressed, so as to present an elliptic cross-section; the apical article is small and distally rounded. (Plate 33, fig. 1). The peristomium is, as a whole, shorter than the succeeding somite. It is divided by a distinct transverse fmTow as in caenocirrus ; the anterior division is the shorter, is again divided by a secondary furrow and is mesally usually convex, but does not project over the prostomium as it does in caenocirrus. The tentaciilar cu-ri are all comparatively short, slender, gradually tapered, and closely jointed or varicose. Of the four pairs the posterior dorsals are long- est, but reach only to the fifth or beginning of the sixth somite. The posterior ventrals and anterior dorsals are equal in length, reaching to the third somite. The anterior ventrals are shortest, reaching only to the second somite. The tentacular cirri are attached in the usual places. (Plate 33, fig. 1). The metastomial somites of the nereid division of the body are dorsally high and convex; ventrally the arch is lower and mesally flattened and with a rather deep neural furrow. They are smooth and entire. These somites increase in length to ne