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The food of the fishes of Winona
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HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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LIBRARY

OF THE

Museum of Comparative Zoology

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The Food of the Fishes of Winona Lake

BY

WILLIS DERYKE

With a General Introduction by

WILL SCOTT

THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
STATE OF INDIANA

ttBS. C&NKP. iUL

Published by

THE DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME

GEORGE N. MANNFELD
Superintendent Fisheries end Game

1 922

The Food of the Fishes of Winona Lake
in Kosciusko County During the
Months of June, July and August

By
Willis DeRyke

LIBRARY

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CONTENTS

Page

General Introduction — By Will Scott 4

Introduction — By Willis DeRyke 7

Data 8

Discussion of the Data 35

Some Ecological Considerations 40

Influence of Season 40

Influence of Vegetation 42

Influence of Bottom 43

General Considerations 45

Bibliography 46

INDIANAPOLIS:

WM. B. BURFOKD, CONTRACTOR FOR STATE PRINTING AND BINDING

1922

.

Perca flavescens Mitchill (Yellow perch)

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Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (Bluegil

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Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (Large mouth black bass)

THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION

State of Indiana

CONSERVATION COMMISSION

W. A. Guthrie, Chairman

Stanley Coulter

John W. Holtzman

E. Mortimer Wilson, Secretary

PUBLICATION No. 29 l

RICHARD LIEBER
Director

(1) Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Indiana University, No. 189.

(3)

GENERAL INTRODUCTION
By Will Scott

I have been asked by the Division of" Fish and Game of the Department
of Conservation, State of Indiana, to write an introduction to Mr. DeRyke's
paper on the "Food of Fishes" to show the relation of such work to the pro-
duction of fish.

First of all, I want to emphasize the fact that our streams and lakes
are not waste areas. Aside from the great values that they have as places
for recreation and their important relation to drainage and water power
they are capable of producing crops equal to, if not greater, than those pro-
duced on the land. Without discussing this in detail the fact may be pointed
out, that in pre-war days the carp ponds of China rented for thirty dollars
per acre cash rent. This is an income of 10 per cent on a $300 valuation or
6 per cent on a $500 valuation. Not much farm land is worth more than
that. The crops from our waters are harvested for the most part as sport, which
makes us sometimes forget that these crops must be produced.

In order to raise any crop of plants or animals economically it is neces-
sary to know many things. This knowledge is more nearly complete for land
crops than for water crops, or to put it technically, agriculture is more nearly
a science than is aquiculture. In agriculture we know something of soils, the
things needed to maintain their fertility, and the kind and amount of seeds
that will produce the best results.

When stockraising is added, we know something of breeds, the amount
and kind of food they require, and their general care.

To cite a few specific instances: we know the amount of seed wheat
or seed corn required per acre to produce the best results. In general, we
expect 100 pounds of pork for each 13 bushels of corn, etc.

There is this difference between land and water crops. Land crops can
be produced by pure culture methods, that is, when we raise corn nothing
else is permitted to grow in that field. The hogs that are to eat the corn
do not touch it until it is mature. This is because the crops can be marketed
and fed dry.

Water crops on the other hand must be grown in mixed culture. For
instance, a black bass may feed chiefly on minnows, the minnows feed on
small Crustacea, worms, and insect larvae, and these feed on still smaller ani-
mals, plants, and plant debris. This food chain may be varied and is
different for the different fishes. Many fishes are supported by very complex
food chains. In order to produce the end product the whole chain must be
looked after, and be kept going at its best all of the time. The minnows
must have suitable places to breed, there must be an adequate supply of
plants, etc. If one part of this food chain becomes reduced everything in the
food chain above it is either checked in its growth or reduced in numbers.

In order to raise fishes it is necessary that we know, not only what fishes
eat but also how much they eat, and the number of pounds of fish a given
amount of each of these foods will produce. Not only that but we must know
how much of these foods is present in the various waters of the state. The

(4)

DeRyke and Scott 5

next step in this analysis is to determine the life history of each of the forms
concerned in each food chain.

By life history I mean the number of broods a form will produce, the
number of young in each brood, and the age at which the organisms begin to
reproduce. This is necessary in order that the turnover may be determined.

An investment on which a 50 per cent dividend is declared once a
century is not so good as one which declares a 5 per cent dividend annually.
Nor is a $500 bond yielding 1 per cent as productive as a $100 bond yielding
6 per cent. So a small organism producing large broods at short intervals
may be a much more valuable member of a food chain than a large form
whose reproductive rate is slow.

We have just determined that one of the little crustaceans known as
scuds (the amphiopod, Hyalella) contributes at a maximum approximately
100 pounds of fish food per acre during the growing months which may be
reckoned at seven months. We know that fish eat these but we do not know
how many one fish will eat or how many of these Crustacea it would take to
make a pound of fish.

The fundamental reason why fish can be produced more cheaply than the
common land animals used for food is that much of the food eaten by mam-
mals and birds is used to keep up the temperature of the body. A young
bird must eat nearly its weight in food every twenty-four hours in order
to hold its own in weight. It is a matter of common knowledge that cattle
during severe weather scarcely hold their own in spite of careful feeding.

Fishes use none of their energy to keep up their temperature. It all
goes for swimming or reproductive energy and for growth. This enables
them to go for rather long periods without food. In this latitude most of
our fish do not eat during the colder months. They may not lose much but
they certainly do not gain. During the warmer months they can feed but
it is probable that in most situations they eat their limit only occasionally.
Scant food supply and intermittent food supply are things that we must
attempt to remedy if we are to raise large fish in a short time.

There is a direct relation between the amount of fish a given body of
water will produce and the amount of fish food it will produce. No cattle
raiser would think of putting 1,000 calves into a ten acre pasture lot. If
he did do this, at the end of two or three years he might have three to five
stunted cattle that had survived the terrible competition of the early months
of the feeding.

Of course carniverous fish eat each other when there develops sufficient
difference in size, but independent of this factor, the reduction in fishes in
number or size or both to that which a lake or stream can support, is just
as certain as in the case of the calves cited above.

May I illustrate the effect that plenty of food will have on the size of fish?
Probably there are as many bass in Florida that weigh 9 or 10 pounds as
there are in Indiana that weigh 5 or 6 pounds, but in Florida the bass can
eat 12 months in the year.

Rainbow trout in Spencer Creek, Oregon, have never been known to
reach a length greater than 17 inches. These same trout when transplanted
to Diamond Lake reach a length of 40 inches and a weight of 27 pounds.

The Division of Fish and Game of the Indiana Department of Conserva-
tion, under the very efficient management of Mr. George N. Mannfeld, in 1921

6 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

raised a walleyed pike from the green egg to a length of 17 inches in 7
months by supplying it with an excess of food. This was the maximum,
many others were 10 inches or over.

As I have suggested before, many classes of food are available for short
periods only. For instance there is a little insect larva (the larva of the fly
Chironomus) that is found at the bottom of most of our lakes. In Winona
Lake it produces about 70 pounds dry weight of fish food per acre per year.
However, most of them live below the feeding level of our fishes. When they
wiggle to the surface to transform they become available and are eaten in
large numbers. But this period lasts only for about two or three weeks in
autumn. In order to keep fish feeding conditions up to maximum effi-
ciency other forms should be available in like amounts during the other six
months of the feeding season. In the present state of our knowledge this
would be a very difficult thing to do. It seems that a more practical way
of using this supply of fish food would be to introduce the Cisco. This fish
feeds at the deeper levels during the summer.

The hatching of fish and raising them to the eyed, fry, or fingerling stage
has been developed to a very efficient level. The methods of transporting
them to the place selected for planting are such that the loss is negligible.
If the production and planting of young fish were the only things needed to
increase the yield of legal sized fish in our streams, then the amount of fish
in our streams and lakes would be limited only by the output of our hatcheries
and that in turn only by the amount of money that we cared to expend on
them.

We have a law that protects our game fish while on the breeding ground.
The closed season should extend to July first as the bass are not all off the
nest in the lake region before that time but the law is a good beginning.
Many of our citizens contribute time and money to fish hatching - .

Yet in spite of all of this work there remains this limiting factor of
fish foods that determines the number and size of fish that we can produce
in our waters. Often the damage done a stream or lake through drainage
or pollution has not killed the fish directly but has made it impossible to
grow much fish food and thus the fishes have been reduced indirectly.

An illustration may make this point clear. The Tippecanoe river was
formerly a black bass stream for its entire length. In its upper course the
bottom was a luxuriant meadow of water plants. This was filled with fish
foods culminating in the minnows. Dredged ditches made tributary to the
Tippecanoe have covered this natural bottom with sand for some miles below
their mouths. This would not kill the bass directly, but there is little to
support a fish fauna and consequently few if any fish.

When a lake is lowered few if any fish are killed directly, but the mar-
ginal plants which support and protect the organisms that form the basic
elements in some of the food chains are destroyed.

But I have said enough to indicate the importance of the problems con-
nected with fish food. Some of them are extremely difficult and their solu-
tion will take much time and energy. But they must be solved if we are to
increase not only the number of fish planted but the number of fish caught.
Mr. DeRyke's paper is a partial answer to one of these basic questions,
"What do fish eat?"

FOODS OF THE COMMON FISHES OF WINONA LAKE, IN

KOSCIUSKO COUNTY, INDIANA, DURING THE

MONTHS OF JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST

WILLIS DeRYKE

INTRODUCTION

In order to ascertain the kind of food utilized by the different common
fishes of Winona Lake during the summer months, and the important ecolog-
ical relations collections of fishes were made during the months of June,
July, and August of the years of 1919, 1920, and 1921. In all, thirty-five
collections were made and these from twenty-seven different locations on the
lake, each location presenting a particular type of environment.

Two methods were used in securing the fish, the hook and line, and the
seine; more frequently the latter. Several unsuccessful attempts were made
to secure fishes from deep water by means of lines with hooks spaced at
three and four meter intervals.

After a catch was made the stomachs of the large fish were removed im-
mediately and placed in ninety-five per cent alcohol. In removing the stomachs
care was taken not to lose the contents by the contraction of the muscular
walls of the stomach. Before severing the stomach from the intestine and
oesophagus, both ends were tied off with stout thread. The stomach was then
freed and plunged into ninety-five per cent alcohol where it remained until
examination could be made. The very large stomachs were injected with
ninety-five per cent alcohol by using a hypodermic needle.

At the laboratory the stomachs were carefully opened and the contents
removed, placed in a watch crystal or small vessel and examination made
with a binocular microscope, the food then teased apart with needles or
washed apart by means of a pipette. The very small food was examined
under a compound microscope. The contents were identified as nearly as
possible and a count was made of the specimens of each kind present and
the number recorded.

The fish were identified and measured in millimeters the length being
recorded as the distance from the tip of the nose to the base of the caudal
fin. After the examination of the fish and stomach contents, both were pre-
served for future reference.

The Data

The following are the data for the thirty-five collections. The collec-
tions are numbered and are located on the map by corresponding numbers.
Following the "date of the collection" the following seven points are always
given in this order; vegetation in the vicinity, character of the bottom, depth
of water, condition of water, weather conditions, time of day, and method of
taking.

In each collection a species is named but once. Each individual is indi-
cated by its length in millimeters and this is followed by its stomach contents.

(7)

8 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

Collection 1

June 25, 1919. Rushes, Chara, Potamogeton ; sand and marl; two feet;
clear; semi-cloudy; 1:00 p. m.; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

47 mm. 2812 Bosmina longirostris.

53 mm. 653 Bosmina longirostris; 3 Cyclops.

58 mm. 2 Cyclops; 3 small snails; 8 Bosmina longirostris; numerous
diatoms.
Notropis sp. (species of minnow).

52 mm. A mass of undigested material that I was unable to identify.

Collection 2

June 28, 1919. Sparse growth of Chara and a very heavy growth of
Potamogeton; blue mud very miry and oozy; ten to fifteen feet; clear; clear;
3:00 p. m. ; hook and line.

Fishes examined in this collection

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

141 mm. 306 Daphnia pulex; 1 Spinitectus gracilis.

113 mm. 3 Parasitic round worms; 50 Bosmina longirostris; Hyalella
knickerbockeri ; 1 large beetle unidentified ; 3 pieces of encrusted plant
tissue 1 cm. long and 1 mm. in diameter.

Collection 3

July 16, 1919. Potamogeton and Chara; sand; two and one-half feet;
clear; clear; 3:00 p. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca fiavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

Length, 85 mm. 6 ephemerida larvae; 10 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 1
amphiopod; 1 back-swimmer; 1 haliplid; 1 piece of plant tissue 2x5
mm. ; 3 Chironomus larvae.
Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).

39 mm. 12 beetle larvae; 6 Leuceruthrus micropteri.

93 mm. 3 Leuceruthrus micropteri.
122 mm. Mass of macerated fish flesh; some algal filaments; 6 Leuceru-
thrus micropteri.

98 mm. 1 fish 15 mm. long; 1 fish 19 mm.; 1 fish 20 mm.; one piece of
macerated fish flesh; a few algal filaments; a large mass of scales,
bones and pigment cells; 15 Leuceruthrus micropteri.

43 mm. 2 amphipods; a macerated mass of fish flesh; 11 Leuceruthrus
micropteri; 8 ephemerida larvae.

33 mm. 48 Hyalella; 15 Alonella; 1 Stylaria.

45 mm. 1 fish 23 mm.; 1 piece macerated fish flesh 64 mm. long; 6
Leuceruthrus micropteri.

DeRyke and Scott 9

38 mm. 15 Hyalella.

39 mm. 5 ephemerida larvae; 3 Hyalella.

51 mm. 1 fish 8 mm.; 1 fish 9 mm.; 1 fish 8 mm.; 3 Leuceruthrus.
42 mm. 30 ephemerida larvae.

47 mm. 15 ephemerida larvae.

32 mm. 16 ephemerida larvae; 3 Leuceruthrus.
44 mm. 10 ephemerida larvae; 1 Chironomus larvae.
42 mm. 1 fish 7 mm. ; 1 fish 10 mm.
Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur (hog-molly).

142 mm. Mass of animal tissue; heads and appendages of several beetle
larvae were distinguishable, but not clearly enough for identification.

Collection U

July 22, 1919. Potamogeton, Chara, Vallisneria, spatter-dock, algae and
duck weed; sand; one foot; clear; clear; 10:00 a. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

15 mm. 6 Pleuroxus denticulus; 41 Cyclops.

Collection 5

July 24, 1919. Potamogeton, rushes; sand; one to two feet; clear; clear;
2:30 p. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this col Ice I ion

Pei-ca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

84 mm. 81 Sida crystallina; 6 tricoptera larvae; 3 Chironomus larvae;

2 nematoda.

72 mm. Fragments of insects or insect larvae.

86 mm. 25 Chironomus larvae; some insect fragments; 4 Planorbis;

3 Physa; algal fragments and silt.

77 mm. Small mass of animal tissue, otherwise empty.

70 mm. Fragments of insect larvae.

44 mm. 8 Chironomus larvae and a few algal filaments.

58 mm. One-half of the contents consists of algal filaments; the rest
consisted of 8 Chironomus larvae; 5 ostracoda; 2 Planorbis; 1 Physa.

49 mm. 1 Planorbis; 3 Chironomus.

48 mm. 1 Ceratopogon larva; 5 Chironomus larvae; 2 ostracoda.

53 mm. 3 Chironomus larvae; 2 ostracoda; parts of a large beetle; 1

Planorbis.
46 mm. Mass of animal tissue.

53 mm. 3 large fragments of insect larvae.

51 mm. 1 Chironomus larvae; head of Dytiscus larvae; 5 Tanypus larvae.

75 mm. 4 Hyalella; 2 Chironomus larvae; 1 nematoda; 3 ostracoda.

54 mm. 1 Ceratopogon larvae and a few fragments of a beetle larvae.
Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).

67 mm. 1 bluegill 24 mm.; 1 bluegill 27 mm.; 1 damsel-fly; 1 spider;
64 cm. of fish flesh; 12 Leuceruthrus.

2—22243

10 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

51 mm. Partially digested mass of fish flesh.
40 mm. 5 odonata larvae.
Eupomotis gibbosus L. (sunfish).

55 mm. 25 Chironomus larvae; some insect fragments; 4 Planorbis;

3 Physa; a few algal filaments; some silt.
65 mm. 1 Tanapus larvae; 1 Planorbis; a few insect fragments.
25 mm. 7 Chironomus larvae; 1 nematoda; 3 ostracoda; 1 Ceratopogon;

a few pieces of plant tissue.
64 mm. 48 Chironomus larvae; 1 Ceratopogon; 1 ephemerid larvae; 3
Physa.
Notropis heterodon Cope (variable-toothed minnow).

50 mm. Unicellular algae; filamentous algae; 1 microscopic beetle.
Esox vermiculatus Le Sueur (grass pike).
95 mm. 3 Leuceruthrus.

Collection 6

August 2. 1919. Rushes; sand; three feet; clear; cloudy and foggy; 10:00
a. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

90 mm. 3 Ephemerida larvae; 4 Tanypus; 2 rotifera; 1 damsel-fly;
5 Chironomus larvae; 2 cladocera; 3 Physa.
Labidesthes sicculus (skipjack) Cope.

77 mm. Empty.

76 mm. Empty.

76 mm. Fragments of small insects.

68 mm. Empty.

75 mm. Empty.

80 mm. Fragments of plant tissue.

Collection 7

August 7, 1919. Potamogeton, Elodea, rushes; peat very soft; three feet;
clear; cloudy; 3:00 p. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

115 mm. 10 Ephemerida larvae; 5 Hyalella.
75 mm. 1 Physa; some plant tissue.
80 mm. 3 odonata larvae; 1 tricoptera.

82 mm. 2 Dytiscus larvae; 1 Hyalella; 1 Physa; some insect fragments;

1 ostracoda; 1 Chironomus larvae; 1 odonata nymph.

83 mm. 2 tricoptera larvae; 4 Chironomus larvae; 1 Physa; 3 ephemerida

larvae; 10 tricoptera cases; several insect legs and pieces of plant
tissue.

84 mm. About one-third of the content consists of Potamogeton; 7

Tricoptera larvae; 2 Hyalella; 1 ostracoda; 5 Chironomus larvae;
mass of macerated insect larvae.

DeRyke and Scott 11

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).
81 mm. 14 Hyalella.

80 mm. Stomach empty.

98 mm. 12 tricoptera larvae and cases; 1 ceratopogon larva; small
amount of plant tissue.
Micropterus salmcides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).
110 mm. Cephalothorax of cray-fish 20 mm. long.
59 mm. 1 fish 29 mm. ; fragments of a neuropterus insect.
Etheostoma caprodes Raf. (log perch).

81 mm. 14 Hyalella; 2 Tanypus; 3 Chironomus larvae; 1 macerated in-

sect; small amount of plant tissue.
84 mm. 10 Hyalella; 2 Nematoda, parasitic; fragment of a large beetle.

Collection 8

August 7, 1919. Potamogeton, Chara; marl and soft peat; two and one-
half feet; turbid; clear; 2:30 p. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

84 mm. 1 round worm; a small amount of plant tissue apparently
Potamogeton; 1 ephemerid larva; 1 odonatid nymph; 1 Dytiscus
larva (head) ; 2 chironomid larvae; 2 Physa; 3 water mites; 3
tricoptera larvae and cases; fragments of an odonatid larva and a
few algae filaments.
55 mm. Stomach empty.

114 mm. 1 adult saw-fly (tenthredinidae) ; 10 Hyalella; 2 Ceratopogon;
2 ephemeridae larvae; 1 Spinitectus gracilis; 2 Chironomus larvae;
1 plecopteron nymph.
120 mm. 1 ephemerid larva; 1 tricopteron larva; the remainder of the

stomach completely filled with Potamogeton tissue.
110 mm. 1 odonatid nymph; 5 ostracods; 6 Chironomus larvae; 1 hymen-
opteron; several small pieces of plant tissue.
Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).

102 mm. 8 small fish, lengths 15 mm., 17 mm., 25 mm., 23 mm., 18 mm.,
20 mm., 16 mm., 20 mm.; a mass of about 5 cc. of fish flesh; 12
Leuceruthrus micropteri.
55 mm. 2 fish, lengths 11 mm. and 20 mm.

A 125 cmm. piece of fish flesh; Leuceruthrus micropteri.
A 216 cmm. of fish flesh; 5 trematodes, Leuceruthrus microp-

50

mm.

51

mm.

teri

60

mm.

47

mm.

par

95

mm.

2 fish, 2 mm. each in length.

1 fish 27 mm. long; 3 Leuceruthrus micropteri; a small mass of
partially digested fish flesh.

1 fish, length 18 mm.; 1 fish, length 12 mm.; 1 fish, length 20
mm.; 1 fish, length 30 mm. These fish are apparently bluegills. 15
trematodes (Leuceruthrus micropterus).
52 mm. 1 fish, partially digested, 12 mm. long; 1 trematode, Leuceruthrus
micropteri.

12 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

Etheostoma caprodes Raf. (log perch).

55 mm. 10 Hyalella; 1 chironimid larva; 6 tricoptera cases; 2 parasitic
nematoda ; 1 rotifer,
Ambloplites rupestris Raf. (rock bass).

113 mm. Diatoms; a few pieces of plant tissue resembling Potamogeton
and a few algae filaments.

Collection 9

August 11, 1919. Spatter-dock, Elodea, Ceratophyllum and Myriophyllum ;
soft mud; ten feet; clear; clear; 9:30 to 10:30 a. m. ; hook and line.

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

90 mm. 1 young cray-fish 20 mm. long; 2 odonata nymphs.

97 mm. 1 piece of fish flesh, about 125 cmm.

77 mm. Empty.
Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

108 mm. Stomach well filled with plant tissue; 2 Chironomus larvae; 1

water mite; 1 Sida crystallina; 3 Planorbis.
117 mm. With the exception of 1 Planorbis the stomach was entirely
filled with plant tissue.
95 mm. 3 nematoda.

Collection 10

August 12, 1919. Spatter-dock, Elodea, Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum,
and Potamogeton; vegetable debris and marl; eight feet; clear; clear; 5:30
to 7:00 p. m.; hook and line.

Fishes examined in litis collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

94 mm. 2 Physa.

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

95 mm. 1 Chironomus larva; a mass of plant tissue; 5 nematoda; 2

ephemerida larvae; 2 Dytiscus larvae; 5 tricoptera cases and some
macerated parts of an insect which I was unable to identify.
Eupomotis gibbosus Linnaeus (sunfish).

109 mm. 22 Gyraulus; 1 Chironomus larva and three nematoda.
132 mm. 40 Gyraulus.

Chaenobryttus gulosus Cuvier & Valenciennes (Warmouth bass).

110 mm. 1 large ephemerid larva; 1 small fish apparently just off the egg.
9.") mm. Stomach empty.

Summer 1920

Collection 11

June 17, 1920. Potamogeton, Chara and rushes; sand and marl; three
feet; clear; raining; 9:30 a. m.; seine.

DeRyke and Scott 13

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

69 mm. 9 heads of amphipods; 10 Chironomus larvae; 1 Notonecta.
113 mm. 2 odonata nymphs; 1 small fish 10 mm. long; 1 back-swimmer;
1 amphipod; Hyalella; a mass of fish eggs; 7 small Physa; 1 un-
identified insect larva.
110 mm. Empty.

136 mm. 78 haliplidae larvae; 3 Chironomus larvae; a small amount of
plant tissue.
Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

120 mm. 2 nematoda; and some encrusted plant tissue.

130 mm. 83 haliplidae larvae; 15 Physa 1 mm. in diameter; 6 water mites

and 7 Chironomus larvae.
122 mm. Fish eggs, some of them showing well developed embryos; small
amount of plant tissue ; 3 small snails 1 mm. in diameter ; 46 haliplidae
larvae; 3 Hyalella; 28 Chironomus larvae; 5 ostracods and several
fragments of a large insect.
Etheostoma caprodes Raf. (log perch).

71 mm. 26 haliplidae larvae; 1 fish egg and 6 cladocerans mutilated be-
yond possibility of identification.
Labidesthes sicculus Cope (skipjack).

65 mm. 3 small snails 1 mm. in diameter; 1 cladocera; 3 Chironomus
larvae; 3 haliplidae larvae.

Collection 12

June 22, 1920. Potamogeton, Chara and rushes; sand and marl; three
feet; clear; clear; 3:00 p. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).
88 mm. 1 small piece of plant tissue.
113 mm. 6 ephemerida larvae; 2 haliplidae larvae; 3 snails; 2 nematoda;
a piece of plant tissue.
Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

45 mm. 8 Simulium larvae; 5 cladocerans; 1 large fragment of an insect.
110 mm. 15 odonata nymphs; 1 water mite; 1 fish egg; a few fragments
haliplidae larvae; some yellow tissue apparently Potamogeton and a
large mass of fragments of adult odonatas and odonata larvae.
69 mm. A mass of 51 fish eggs containing embryos; 8 Chironomus larvae
and several fragments; 1 Hyalella; the head of a small insect larvae.
74 mm. 6 fish eggs; Sida crystallina, mutilated so much it was impos-
sible to count, probably about 200; 8 Chironomus larvae.
44 mm. 12 Sida crystallina; 7 Chironomus larvae; 3 water mites; a
few algae fragments; Spirogyra; 2 ostracods; 1 plant seed; many
diatoms and a piece of plant tissue, apparently root, 1 mm. x 10 mm.
Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).

88 mm. 1 fish 20 mm. long; and 1 Leuceruthrus.
Etheostoma caprodes Eaf. (log perch).

94 mm. 1 amphipod; Hyalella knickerbockeri; 6 Chironomus larvae; 1
tricopteron and case, and 1 Simulium larva.

14 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

Eupomotis gibbosus Linnaeus (sunfish).

82 mm. 2 small fragments of animal tissue and a very small piece of
plant tissue.
154 mm. 4 haliplidae larvae; 35 small snails; 1 fragment of snail shell;
a leg of a large insect.

Collection 13

June 26, 1920. Spatter-dock; Potamogeton and lushes; sand and marl;
two feet; clear; clear; 3:00 p. m.; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur (hog-molly).
153 mm. Silt; sand and marl; 2 Stylaria.
159 mm. 61 ephemerida larvae; 20 aquatic oligochaetae ; 6 Chironomus

larvae; sand and silt.
153 mm. A large portion of neuropteron insect; 8 ephemerida larvae; 15

Chironomus larvae; sand and silt.
118 mm. Empty.

Collection H

June 26, 1920. Chara, Potamogeton and rushes; sand and marl; three
feet; clear; clear; 2:00 p. m. ; seine.

FisJies examined in this collection

Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur (hog-molly).

187 mm. 3 Stylaria; 2 Ceratopogon; 2 Hyalella knickerbockeri ; fine sand
and silt.

Collection 15

June 26, 1920. Potamogeton, Chara and rushes; sand and marl; 3 feet;
clear; clear; 4:00 p. m. ; seine.

Fishes exit mined in this collection

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

77 mm. 36 Chironomus larvae; 3 Chironomus pupae; 1 snail; 1 Hyalella

knickerbockeri and the wings of a beetle.
40 mm. 4 water mites; 7 cladocerans and 2 ostracods.
Eupomotis gibbosus Linnaeus (sunfish).

70 mm. Empty.
Ambloplites rupestris Raf. (rock bass).

110 mm. 1 gyrinid and a few fragments.
Notropis hetex*odon Cope (variable-toothed minnow).

74 mm. Fragments of an adult ncuropterus insect; wings and portion of
abdomen, unable to identify.
Lepisosteus osseus Linnaeus (long-nosed gar).
•~>12 mm. 2 snails.

DeRyke and Scott 15

Collection 16

June 30, 1920. Rushes and Chara; sand and gravel; four feet; clear;
cloudy; 8:30 a. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Etheostoma caprodes Raf. (log perch).

70 mm. 14 chironomidae larvae; 1 cladoceran.

77 mm. 49 Hyalella knickerbockeri ; 2 chironomidae larvae; a small piece
of stem resembling Equisetum.
Labidesthes sicculus Cope (skipjack).

70 mm. A portion of macerated winged insect, unable to identify.
66 mm. 2 adult insects, very small and torn so much I was unable to
identify them.

Collection 17

June 30, 1920. Potamogeton and Chara; gravel; four feet; rippling;
cloudy; 9:30 a. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

112 mm. 1 ephemerida larvae and a mass of Potamogeton.
80 mm. 1 Hyalella knickerbockeri; several fragments of insect larvae,

unable to identify.
66 mm. Macerated insect larvae, unable to identify.

Collection 18

June 30, 1920. Algae, Chara, Ceratophyllum, Potomogeton, and dense
growth; soft mud; two and one-half feet; clear; cloudy; 10:45 a. m.; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

89 mm. 13 snails; 1 odonatid nymph; 2 ephemerida larvae; 1 tricopteron
larva case; 4 Chironomus larvae; 3 Hyalella knickerboekei'i; 2
haliplidae larvae.

127 mm. 2 Hyalella knickerbockeri ; 1 haliplidae larva ; 1 small cray-

fish 15 mm. long.

73 mm. 5 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 2 Chironomus larvae; 118 Sida

crystallina; numerous cladocera eggs.
116 mm. Portions of a small cray-fish and 1 Chironomus larva.

95 mm. 1 fish egg; 1 Chironomus larva; nematoda; debris.
113 mm. 31 tricoptera with cases; 1 snail; 1 Chironomus larva; small

amount of plant tissue; 1 ephemerid nymph.

128 mm. A very small amount of fish flesh.
75 mm. 2 Chironomus larvae.

74 mm. 1 fish egg; portion of Haliplus beetle larva; the head of a

Chironomus larva.

16 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

97 mm. 2 haliplidae larvae; 1 tricopteron larva; 3 complete Chironomus
larvae; 2 Hyalella knickerbockeri ; about 5 cmm. of macerated, half-
digested animal tissue consisting of fragments of a large insect larva ;
snail shells and portions of Chironomus larvae, and 1 round worm.
Lepomis megalotis Raf. (long-eared sunfish).

95 mm. 1 badly torn haliplidae beetle; 9 tricoptera larvae and cases;
3 Chironomus larvae; 1 Planorbis (snail).
Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).

25 mm. 20 Cyclops; 3 Chironomus larvae; 1 celled algae; 50 Bosmina.
31 mm. Empty.
Eupomotis gibbosus Linnaeus (sunfish).

100 mm. 1 larva not identified; 27 snails; 11 Chironomus larvae; 11

Hyalella; plant tissue, about 3 cmm.; sand and broken snail shells.
Notropis heterodon Cope (variable-toothed minnow).

45 mm. Empty.

55 mm. 14 fish eggs.
Etheostoma caprodes Raf. (log perch).

80 mm. 18 Chironomus larvae; 36 Hyalella.

80 mm. 5 Hyalella knickerbockeri ; 4 Chironomus larvae.
Labidesthes sicculus Cope (skipjack).

84 mm. 2 half-digested haliplidae larvae.

Collection 19

July 12, 1920. Potamogeton, Vallisneria spiralis; gravel and mud;
fifteen feet; turbid and roily; clear; 8:00 a. m. ; hook and line.

Fishes examined in this collection

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

132 mm. 1 snail; 2 nematoda; 9 Chironomus larvae; 4 heads of
Chironomus larvae; fragments of an adult insect; a few pieces of
plant tissue, probably Potamogeton; grains of sand and debris.
80 mm. Stomach well filled with plant tissue and 6 fish eggs.

101 mm. 2 snails; 15 Bosmina; small fragments of ephemerida larvae;

5 fish eggs; 2 Ceratopogan larvae and insect fragments.
121 mm. Empty.

100 mm. A mass of 35 filamentous fish eggs; 1 Chironomus larva.
83 mm. 1 damsel-fly nymph; 2 nematoda; 12 fish eggs; 1 snail; a mass

of adult insect fragments, unable to identify; several heads of

Chironomus larvae; a large portion of half-digested material.
93 mm. 2 snails; portions of cladocerans and adult insects.
75 mm. 1 Hyalella; 4 tricoptera larvae and cases; 2 large portions of

Potamogeton leaves; 12 Chironomus larvae; 4 very minute snails; 3

water mites; many small grains of sand.
93 mm. 1 snail 2 mm. in diameter; 3 tricoptera cases and contents;

Potamogeton plant tissue 25 mm. long and 3 mm. wide; 2 water mites;

3 ostracods; grains of sand and debris.
103 mm. Stomach fairly well filled with a portion of a large adult insect

so macerated that identification cannot be made.

DeRyke and Scott 17

Collection 20

July 12, 1920. Potamogeton, Vallisneria spiralis and Chara; marl; twelve
feet; roily; clear; 9:45 a. m. ; hook and line.

Fishes examined in this collection

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

92 mm. A mass of about 100 fish eggs; 5 nematoda; head and frag-
ments of an adult beetle.

96 mm. 8 fish eggs; 3 water mites; 3 Chironomus larvae; 6 ostracods;

2 small pieces of Potamogeton 20 mm. long by 2 mm. wide; grains of
sand; half-digested insect tissue.
102 mm. 6 snails 1 mm. in diameter; 1 Chironomus larvae, and several
heads of Chironomus larvae; about 5 cmm. of plant tissue, apparently
Potamogeton.

97 mm. A mass of about 200 fish eggs.

Collection 21

July 14, 1920. Chara, Potamogeton, Vallisneria spiralis, Myriophyllum;
marl; twelve feet; roily; clear; 10:30 a. m. ; hook and line.

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

112 mm. 3 Chironomus larvae; 2 odonata nymphs; 8 snails.

95 mm. 1 snail; Amnicola limnosa, variety porata; Goniobasis.

78 mm. 6 fish eggs.

88 mm. 4 cladocera and 2 tricoptera cases.

Collection 22

July 17, 1920. Myriophyllum, Vallisneria spiralis, Chara, Potamogeton;
marl; ten feet; clear; clear; 10:30 a. m.; hook and line.

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

100 mm. 3 tricoptera; 2 cmm. of plant tissue; a few fragments of tricop-
tera larvae.

113 mm. 3d or 4th walking leg of a large cray-fish; 1 damsel-fly nymph;

the partially-digested abdomen of a large insect.
92 mm. 1 Bosmina; 1 cladocera; macerated neuropteron or dipteron.
118 mm. 1 odonatid nymph.

114 mm. Empty.

115 mm. Empty.

110 mm. 1 small fish 25 mm. long; 5 cmm. of fish flesh; 1 odonatid nymph;
5 snails 2 mm. in diameter.
Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

82 mm. 1 adult tricopteron; 1 tricopteron case; 1 very small snail.

98 mm. 5 cmm. of Potamogeton plant tissue.
Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).

180 mm. Fish (Labidesthes sicculus Cope) 80 mm., 70 mm., 78 mm., and

18 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

65 mm. long; a mass of about 15 cmm. of portions of damsel-flies;
heads; about 15 pairs of wings, legs and abdomen.

175 mm. 5 fish (Labidesthes sicculus Cope) 82, 77, 85, 63 and 76 mm.
long; fragments of 3 damsel-flies.

344 mm. 2 chelipeds; 20 mm. x 5 mm. of a large cray-fish.
Pomoxis sparoides Lacepede (black crappie).

162 mm. About 72 cmm. of half-digested macerated fragments of adult
insects and insect larvae, unable to identify the insects to which the
fragments belong but most of them appear to be parts of tricoptera ;
2 tricoptera; the abdomen and wings of a dipteron; 1 insect.

136 mm. Stomach well filled with fragments of tricoptera larvae; re-
mainder fragments of adult insects and insect larvae, stomach well
filled.

131 mm. Stomach well filled with fragments of adult insects and tricoptera
larvae; 1 rhyncophora beetle very small.

129 mm. Head portion of a tricoptera larva.
Dorosoma cepedianum Raf. (hickory shad).

368 mm. Stomach completely filled with mud containing very small ani-
mals and plants such as algal filaments, ostracods, and fragments of
cladocera.

374 mm. Stomach completely filled with mud containing very small ani-
mals and plants such as algal filaments, ostracods, and fragments of
cladocera.
Esox lucius Lacepede (pike).

399 mm. Empty.
Chaenobryttus gulosus Cuv. and Val. (Warmouth bass).
86 mm. Small portion of encrusted plant tissue.

Collection 23

July 20, 1920. Algae, Chara, and Potamogeton; blue mud very oozy;
twelve feet; muddy; clear; 3:00 p. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

120 mm. Stomach filled with plant tissue and elytra 6 mm. long of a
beetle. The plant tissue apparently Myriophyllum.

113 mm. 1 Dytiscid larva; 3 tricoptera larva worms; small mass of plant
tissue; 4 Simulium larvae; 6 Chironomus larvae; a mass of half-
digested insect and larvae fragments.

Ill mm. Stomach well filled with a conglomerated mass of half-digested
plant and animal tissue; many fragments of insect legs; pieces of
chitinous covering.

117 mm. 2 Chironomus larvae; 1 piece of plant tissue 15 mm. x 2 mm.;
remainder of stomach filled with partially digested fragments of a
grasshopper.

119 mm. A few fragments of odonata nymphs; tricopteron larva; head
of adult damsel-fly; 1 Chironomus larva; fragments of haliplidae
beetle larvae; 4 complete laiwae; a portion of a very small water
beetle 2 mm. in diameter; 4 cmm. of Potamogeton plant tissue;
numerous insect legs and leg fragments.

DeRyke and Scott 19

112 mm. About 8 cmm. of Potamogeton plant tissue.

114 mm. Head of Chironomus larva; stomach well filled with plant tissue

and 2 round worms.
112 mm. Small portion of Myriophyllum plant tissue; the wings of an
adult damsel-fly; 1 odonatid nymph; 1 Chironomus larva; 1 tricop-
teron; 3 tenthredinidae.

115 mm. Stomach well filled with portions of Potamogeton plant tissue

and fragments of damsel-flies; Chironomus larvae and water mites.
94 mm. 8 fish eggs; 1 water mite; about 4 cmm. of animal tissue, un-
able to identify.

112 mm. Badly macerated, half-digested mass of animal tissue.

125 mm. 1 adult odonatid; 7 fish eggs.

Collection 2U

July 27, 1920. Potamogeton, Elodea, algae, Vallisneria spiralis, Chara,
duckweed, Myriophyllum, Ceratophyllum; marl, peat and vegetable debris;
four feet; clear; clear and cool; 11:00 a. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Lepomis pallidus (bluegill) Mitchill.

128 mm. Stomach well filled with Spirogyra and aquatic annelida aver-
aging 3 mm. in length; about 300 aquatic annelida and 5 Chironomus
larvae.

Ill mm. 3 dragon-fly larvae and 10 large fragments; Spirogyra filaments;
small piece of Nais 3 mm. long; 1 tricopteron larva and 5 aquatic
annelida.

Collection 25

July 27, 1920. Potamogeton, dense growth of algae, Elodea, Vallisneria
spiralis; sand and mail; two feet; clear; clear; 11:30 a. m.; seine.

Fishes examined in tliis collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

36 mm. 2 Chironomus larvae; 1 pupa; 193 cladocera; 24 Cyclops.
39 mm. 464 cladocera.
Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

16 mm. 21 Cyclops; diatoms and desmids.
13 mm. 6 cladocera; a few algae filaments.
11 mm. 3 cladocera; 12 Cyclops.
142 mm. Partially-digested animal tissue; grains of sand and debris; 1
aquatic annelida; 1 dipteron larva; 1 dipteron pupa; 3 mutilated
flies and many small portions of flies.
21 mm. 115 cladocera; 1 Cyclops.
140 mm. 2 nematoda; about 6 cmm. of algae and Potamogeton plant
tissue; 23 aquatic oligochaeta, sand and debris; 1 fly; 1 hymenopterus
insect 5 mm. long.
68 mm. 3 mutilated flies; many small portions of flies.
82 mm. 3 nematoda; 1 midge pupa; 1 Planorbis; 1 stone-fly nymph; a
few Spirogyra filaments; 316 cladocera; 91 Cyclops; 4 Chironomus
larvae; 3 ostracods; 7 water mites.

20 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

68 mm. Ill cladocera; 14 Cyclops; 1 Ceratopogon ; 2 Chironomus larvae;

1 mite; grains of sand and debris.
65 mm. 1 ceratopogomae; 3 Chironomus larvae; 4 water mites; 1 Phyra

1 mm. in diameter; 370 cladocera; 37 Cyclops.
25 mm. 175 cladocera; 81 Cyclops.
Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).

40 mm. Spirogyra filament; 1 cladocera; diatoms and desmids.

48 mm. 4 Chironomus larvae; 107 cladocera; 28 Cyclops.

38 mm. 2 midge pupae; Spirogyra filaments; 4 Chironomus larvae; 1

piece of fish flesh 7x3 mm. ; 16 cladocera.
40 mm. 1 small minnow, length 11 mm.; 97 cladocera; 38 Cyclops; 1

Dytiscus beetle larva.

38 mm. 2 ephemerida nymphs; 86 cladocera; 40 Cyclops.
338 mm. Empty.

32 mm. 185 cladocera; 8 Cyclops.

34 mm. 1 fish 12 mm. long.

35 mm. 130 cladocera and 30 Cyclops.
Etheostoma caprodes Raf. (log perch).

28 mm. Ill cladocera; 1 Cyclops; large number of diatoms; 1 desmid.
Labidesthes sicculus Cope (skipjack).

62 mm. 6 cladocera; diatoms, desmids; a few short pieces of algae.

Collection 26

August 4, 1920. Potamogeton, rushes, Chara, Elodea; sand; four feet;
clear; clear and warm; 2:30 p. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

34 mm. 4 Chironomus larvae; 2 Chydorus; debris..

40 mm. 4 Chironomus larvae; 4 Chydorus; 2 Pleuroxus striatus; 3
ephemerida nymphs.

35 mm. 1 Chydorus; 2 Pleuroxus striatus; 3 Chironomus larvae.

39 mm. 3 Chironomus larvae; 1 water mite; 12 mutilated cladocera.
84 mm. 3 Hyalella.

35 mm. 4 Chironomus larvae; 5 partially-digested cladocera; debris.
38 mm. 7 Chironomus larvae; 2 fish eggs; 3 cladocera, Acroperus har-

pae; diatoms.
38 mm. 6 Chironomus larvae; 2 water mites; 3 Chydorus.
38 mm. 8 Chydorus; 9 Pleuroxus striatus; 2 Chironomus larvae; 1

damsel-fly nymph ; 1 copepod.
.".<i mm. 3 Hyalella knickerbockeri ; 6 Chironomus larvae; 10 cladocera;

3 Cyclops; 1 Ceratopogon.

40 mm. 10 Chironomus larvae; 2 Chydorus; 1 Pleuroxus striaties; 1

copepod; 4 cladocera mutilated so that identification is impossible.
37 mm. 2 tricoptera larvae; 1 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 1 Chironomus
larva; 1 Chydorus; 4 mutilated cladocera.
Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).
23 mm. 6 Chironomus larvae.

DeRyke and Scott 21

Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).

50 mm. 25 Leuceruthrus micropteri; 8 ephemerida larvae; 1 Hyalella
knickerbockeri ; 1 minute piece of fish flesh; 4 Chironomus larvae.

39 mm. 6 Hyalella; 3 Chironomus larvae; 2 Leuceruthrus micropteri.

35 mm. 18 Daphnia longispina; 11 Daphnia retrocurva; 4 Bosmina

longirostris ; 110 copepods.
31 mm. 2 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 3 Chironomus larvae; 2 Leuceruthrus

micropteri; 4 mutilated, partially-digested cladocera; 1 ephemerid

larva; 5 Cyclops.

45 mm. 17 Leuceruthrus micropteri. •

40 mm. 1 Leuceruthrus micropteri, mutilated and partially digested;

fragments of a small adult insect.
Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur (hog-molly).
24 mm. 1 may-fly nymph.
184 mm. 27 Chironomus larvae; 9 may-fly larvae.

Collection 27

August 13, 1920. Potamogeton, Elodea, algae, Vallisneria, Chara, duck-
weed, Myriophyllum and Ceratophyllum ; sand; two feet; clear; fair and
warm; 11:00 a. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).
329 mm. Empty.
140 mm. 1 piece of fish flesh 10 mm. x 40 mm.

46 mm. 1 damsel-fly nymph; 3 Chironomus larvae; 1 Hyalella knicker-

bockeri and 3 cladocera.
48 mm. Odonata nymphs; 4 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 3 Chironomus
larvae and 2 Ceratopogon.
Esox vermiculatus Le Sueur (grass pike).
252 mm. Cray-fish cheliped 13 x 40 mm.
272 mm. 1 piece of fish flesh 50 mm. x 15 mm.

Summer 1921

Collection 28

June 20, 1921. Chara, Potamogeton, spatter-dock, Elodea, Ceratophyllum;
marl and vegetable debris; six feet; clear; clear and hot; 11:30 a. m.; hook
and line.

Fishes examined in this collection

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

113 mm. Very small fragments of animal tissue unable to determine.
83 mm. 1 beetle 5 mm. long.

Collection, 29

June 21, 1921. Chara; sand and mud; three feet; clear; clear; 10:00
a. m. ; seine.

zz Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).
70 mm. 12 tricoptera larvae and cases.

62 mm. 6 tricoptera larvae and cases; 10 Hyalella; 1 Dytiscus larva.
69 mm. 1 Hyalella; 1 cray-fish 11 mm. long-; several masses of macerated,

half-digested animal tissue.
28 mm. 1 cladoceran, Pleuroxus denticulatus; a small piece of ani-
mal tissue.
Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

43 mm. 1 Chironomus larva, 1 Simulium larva and 1 ostracod.
43 mm. Head of Dytiscus beetle larva; 1 Chironomus larva; 2 Hyalella;
2 ostracods; 2 water mites; 21 cladocera; fragments of abdomen of
cray-fish.
45 mm. Empty.

38 mm. 5 Chironomus larvae; 115 cladocerans, Pleuroxus denticulatus.
48 mm. 1 Hyalella.
Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).
30 mm. Well filled with fish flesh.
24 mm. 2 Leuceruthrus micropteri.
Labidesthes sicculus Cope (skipjack).

82 mm. Fragments of a small hymenopterus insect.
62 mm. Macerated insect fragments.

62 mm. A few fragments of a Hyalella knickerbockeri ; 450 Pleuroxus
denticulatus; 1 beetle, Patrobus longicornus.

Collection 30

June 24, 1921. Potamcgeton, Chara, Ceratophyllum ; sand and marl;
two and one-half feet; clear; clear; 9:00 a. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

110 mm. 5 small fish, 6 mm. each in length.

116 mm. 3 small perch, 27 mm., 19 mm. and 12 mm.

112 mm. 9 small fish, length 12 mm. each.
115 mm. 3 fish, 13 mm. each.

108 mm. 1 fish 20 mm. long; 1 fish 18 mm. long; 1 fish 12 mm. long;
1 fish 10 mm. long.
61 mm. Empty.

117 mm. 1 fish 18 mm. long; 4 fish 11 mm. each; 1 fish 8 mm. long.

130 mm. 3 Physa 3 mm. diameter; 2 fish, each 18 mm. long; 2 fish, each
10 mm. long.

118 mm. 2 damsel-fiy nymphs; head and thorax of damsel-fly nymph 5

mm. long; 3 fish 10 mm. each.
124 mm. 8 Pleuroxus denticulatus; 3 Physa; 1 fish 20 mm. long; 4 fish
10 mm. each.

114 mm. 1 piece of fish flesh 2 x 10 mm.

113 mm. 2 fish 11 mm. each; 2 fish 6 mm. each.

115 mm. 1 fish 8 mm. long; 1 Physa 2 mm. in diameter.
154 mm. Empty.

DeRyke and Scott 23

115 mm. 2 fish 10 mm. each; 2 fish 7 mm. each.
118 mm. A piece of fish flesh 6 x 20 mm.

125 mm. 1 Chironomus larva; 5 Pleuroxus denticulatus ; 1 piece of fish
flesh 3 x 10 mm.

117 mm. 1 fish 23 mm. long; 2 fish 20 mm. each; 3 fish 15 mm. each;

2 fish 8 mm. each.

118 mm. 1 odonatid larva; 1 fish 10 mm. long; 4 fish 8 mm. long; debris.
72 mm. 1 damsel-fly larva; 1 Hyalella; 1 Haliplus larva; 2 Peltodytes

larvae.
102 mm. 1 log perch 24 mm. long; 4 fish 12 mm. long; 2 Pleurocera snails

3 mm. in diameter; 1 Leuceruthrus micropteri.

110 mm. 1 log perch 25 mm. long; 1 fish 11 mm. long; 2 small masses
of fish flesh.
76 mm. 1 fish 15 mm long; 12 snail bodies 3 mm. in diameter.

122 mm. 1 fish 23 mm. long; 9 fish, average 10 mm. in length.

66 mm. 1 Chironomus larva; 1 Hyalella knickerbockeri ; 3 small masses
of partially-digested snails.

59 mm. Several minute pieces of fish flesh.
105 mm. 2 fish 13 mm. long; 1 ephemerid larva.

98 mm. 2 fish 13 mm. long; 2 fish 9 mm. long.

99 mm. 4 fish, average 18 mm. long.

110 mm. 1 fish, 10 mm. long.

117 mm. 2 portions of fish flesh 4 mm. in diameter.

60 mm. 28 Pleuroxus denticulatus.

100 mm. 2 fish 12 mm. each; a mass of fish bones.

118 mm. 1 fish 12 mm. long; 2 masses of fish flesh, each 3 mm. in

diameter.
118 mm. 1 Chironomus larva; 1 fish 22 mm. long.
113 mm. 1 fish 10 mm. long; 2 masses of fish flesh 2 x 10 mm. each.
71 mm. 2 fish 11 mm. each; 1 fish egg; 4 Pleuroxus denticulatus.

123 mm. 1 fish 25 mm. long; 7 fish 12 mm. long; 2 fish 9 mm. long; 3

small portions of Chara tissue 1x6 mm.
182 mm. 1 cray-fish 25 mm. long; 2 cray-fish 20 mm. each; 1 fish 20 mm.
long.

116 mm. 1 fish 25 mm. long; 15 Pleuroxus denticulatus.
154 mm. 1 fish 15 mm. long; about 5 cmm. of fish flesh.

60 mm. 5 Chironomus larvae; 3 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 1 tricopteron

larva; small portions of plant tissue and debris.
112 mm. 1 fish 7 mm. long.
147 mm. 1 fish 20 mm. long; 2 fish 10 mm. each.

111 mm. 2 tricoptera larvae; 1 piece of fish flesh 3x9 mm.

59 mm. 7 small Pleurocera snails, 1 mm. in diameter; several very small
macerated insect fragments.
127 mm. 1 Physa (snail) 2 mm. in diameter; 3 small fish, average 3

mm.; 2 minute fish flesh fragments.
115 mm. 2 small fish, length 13 mm. each; 2 very small masses of fish
flesh.
67 mm. Well filled with fragments of an adult odonata.

117 mm. 2 pieces of fish flesh 3 x 10 mm. and 1x5 mm.

90 mm. 3 Chironomus larvae; 1 fish 20 mm. long; 7 fish eggs;; 2 very
small pieces of plant tissue.

24 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

46 mm. 2 cladocerans ; Pleuroxus denticulatus ; 1 Pleurocera.

125 mm. 6 fish, average 10 mm. long; 5 tricoptera larvae and cases.

162 mm. 2 haliplidae larvae.

65 mm. 1 fish 14 mm. long.

128 mm. 3 log perch, 20 mm. each; 2 fish 10 mm. each; abdomen of a
large odonata larva.

102 mm. 1 water mite; 1 piece of fish flesh 2x4 mm.; 1 Leuceruthrus

micropteri.
72 mm. 1 Chironomus larva; 1 small piece of fish flesh 1x3 mm.; 13
partially digested snails 2 mm. in diameter; several shell fragments.
104 mm. 3 small fish, average 11 mm. long.

122 mm. 8 small fish, average length 8 mm.; 2 tricoptera cases and larvae;
a very small amount of plant tissue.
63 mm. 3 Hyalella knickerbockeri ; 2 ostracods; 1 Chironomus larva.
106 mm. Empty.

118 mm. 4 small fish, average 10 mm. long.

122 mm. 1 haliplidae beetle larvae; 1 Chironomus larva; 4 small fish,
average 8 mm. long; several fish fragments.

100 mm. 2 water mites; 2 tricoptera larvae; 2 tricoptera cases; 23 half-
digested snails, Pleurocera.
60 mm. 5 water mites ; 7 Lymnaea, 1 mm. in diameter.

66 mm. 8 haliplidae beetle larvae.

104 mm. Very small mass of half-digested fish flesh.
57 mm. Empty.

79 mm. Practically empty except for a very small mass of half-digested
animal tissue.

103 mm. 1 small fish 10 mm. long.
106 mm. 2 small fish, 12 mm. each.

103 mm. 9 Physae, 3 mm. in diameter; 7 small fish, average 11 mm. long;

4 tricoptera cases.
108 mm. Empty.

119 mm. 16 Pleurocera; 2 small fish, average 12 mm. long; a mass of

sand and debris.
Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

65 mm. 2 water mites; 1 small fish 14 mm. long; 1 adult midge-fly.

41 mm. 18 octracods; 1 water mite; about 500 Bosmina obtusirostris.

35 mm. 1 ostracod; 2 Chironomus larvae.
Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).

24 mm. 1 small fish 9 mm. long.
Etheostoma caprodes Raf. (log perch).

63 mm. 1 ostracod; 1 Pleurocera.

57 mm. 1 snail body 2 mm. in diameter.

68 mm. 4 Chironomus larvae; 5 heads of Chironomus larvae; 2 Hyalella
knickerbockeri.

62 mm. 1 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 5 snail bodies; several grains of
sand; pieces of shell and debris.

<!2 mm. 10 Chironomus larvae; 7 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 15 cladocerans;
Bosmina; 3 tricoptera; 2 tricoptera eases; 1 Physa, 1 mm. in diam-
eter; 1 Pleurocera, 1 mm. in diameter.

59 mm. 2 damsel-fly larvae; 8 Chironomus larvae; 7 Planorbis.

DeRyke and Scott 25

55 mm. 3 heads of Chironomus larvae; 3 badly torn cladocerans; 2

macerated Hyalella.
62 mm. 1 snail body, 3 mm. in diameter.
60 mm. 2 Chironomus larvae; 2 cladocerans.
65 mm. 18 Haliplus beetle larvae; grains of sand and debris.
69 mm. 5 fragments of partially-digested snails; 1 Hyalella; 3

ephemerida larvae.
65 mm. 6 snail bodies; small piece of plant stem.
60 mm. Empty.
Labidesthes sicculus Cope (skipjack).

71 mm. 1 tricoptera larva and case; 1 adult chironomidae ; 5 very small

aphids.
75 mm. 10 aphids.
53 mm. 1 small half-digested insect.
58 mm. 1 small wasp; 2 ephemerida larvae.

84 mm. 3 tricoptera cases; 3 aphids; several grains of sand.

56 mm. A very small, half-digested mass of insect tissue.
74 mm. 13 very small cladocerans.

Collection 31

July 6, 1921. Potamogeton, Chara, Myriophyllum, Ceratophyllum, spatter-
dock; fine sand; two feet; clear; clear; 10:00 a. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

79 mm. Fragments of odonatid nymph; 3 odonata nymphs; a small piece
of plant tissue.
Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

43 mm. 4 ostracods; 1 water mite; 881 cladocerans, Bosmina obtusirostris

and Pleuroxus denticulatus.

39 mm. 5 Chironomus larvae; 1 cladocera.

40 mm. Chironomus larvae; 4 ostracods; 3 Hyalella knickerbockeri ; 2

cladocera; sand and debris.
50 mm. 1 tricopteron and case; 8 water mites; 9 Chironomus larvae;

1 Hyalella; Spinitectus gracilis.
Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).

38 mm. 2 Chironomus larvae; 1 small piece of fish flesh.
46 mm. Stomach well filled with fish flesh.

44 mm. 1 Chironomus larva; stomach well filled with fish flesh.
108 mm. Well filled with fish flesh and 24 Leuceruthrus micropteri.

32 mm. Stomach well filled with fish flesh.
Eupomotus gibbosus Linnaeus (sunfish).

77 mm. 1 Spinitectus gracilis; stomach well filled with partially-digested
insect tissue.
Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur (hog-molly).

85 mm. 6 Chironomus larvae; 1 tricopteron case; grains of sand and

debris.
90 mm. 42 Chironomus larvae; grains of sand and debris.
108 mm. 9 Chironomus larvae; sand and debris.

3—22243

26 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

80 mm. Empty.
Ambloplites rupestris Raf. (rock bass).

50 mm. 3 Chironomus larvae; fragments of a large insect, apparently

hymenopterous, filled the stomach.
49 mm. 3 Hyalella; 15 Chironomus larvae.

Collection 32

July !), 1921. Chara; sand and fine gravel; 3 feet; clear; cloudy and
windy; 9:00 a. m.; seine.

Fishes examined hi this collect ion

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

34. mm. 1 Hyalella.
Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

51 mm. 4 Chironomus larvae; 2 water mites; 3 Hyalella.
Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).

51 mm. 2 fish eggs; 1 fish 25 mm. long; 7 cram, of fish flesh.

58 mm. 1 fish 10 mm. long; 1 fish 18 mm. long; 1 fish 8 mm. long.

37 mm. 1 ephemerid larva; 15 Hyalella.

28 mm. 2 Hyalella.

30 mm. 3 Hyalella; 2 Chironomus larvae.

33 mm. 1 ephemerid larva; 16 Hyalella.

37 mm. 2 Chironomus larvae; 19 Hyalella; 4 cmm. of fish flesh.

.",4 mm. Thorax and abdomen of 2 ephemeridae larvae; 3 Hyalella: 2

heads of Chironomus larvae.
55 mm. 1 fish 7 mm. long; 5 cmm. of fish flesh; 1 Leuceruthrus

micropteri.

32 mm. 6 Hyalella; 2 Chironomus larvae.

35 mm. 19 Hyalella; abdomen of ephemerida larva.

38 mm. 14 Hyalella.

51 mm. 1 fish 20 mm. long; 1 fish 10 mm. long,
46 mm. 6 cmm. of fish flesh.

44 mm. 1 fish 15 mm. long; 2 ephemerida larvae; 6 Hyalella; 1 fish fm ;

2 buds from Chara.
49 mm. 1 fish 18 mm. long; 3 cmm. of fish flesh.

36 mm. 2 ephemerida larvae; 7 Hyalella.

35 mm. 10 Hyalella.

54 mm. 1 Chironomus larva; 14 Hyalella.

40 mm. 1 insect pupa, 1 Chironomus larva; 8 Hyalella.

36 mm. 3 ephemerida larvae; 13 Hyalella.

35 mm. 6 haliplidae larvae; 1 fish 15 mm. long.

33 mm. 2 ephemerida larvae; 12 Hyalella.

40 mm. 1 fish 17 mm. long; 1 fish 10 mm. long; 1 Leuceruthrus
micropteri; 2 cmm. fish flesh.

55 mm. 2 Leuceruthrus micropteri.

63 mm. 1 Peltodytes larva; 3 Leuceruthrus micropteri; 2 fish 20 mm.
each.

52 mm. 1 fish 22 mm. long; 5 Leuceruthrus micropteri.
58 mm. Very small fragments of insect.

DeRyke and Scott 27

42 mm. Eye stalks and antennae of a very young cray-fish; 14 Hyalella.
35 mm. 1 haliplidae larva; 10 Hyalella.

53 mm. 1 fish 15 mm. long; 1 piece of fish flesh 3 cmm.; 2 Leuceruthrus

micropteri.
31 mm. 3 Hyalella; 4 partially digested cladocera; 1 Leuceruthrus

micropteri.
37 mm. 1 Hyalella.

52 mm. 4 cmm. of fish flesh; 2 Leuceruthrus micropteri.
Etheostoma caprodes Raf. (log perch).

70 mm. 11 Hyalella; 1 ephemerid nymph; 1 tricopteron larva,

75 mm. 1 Chironomus larva; 4 caddis worms and cases; 25 Hyalella;

several grains of sand.
77 mm. 1 neuropteron larva; 2 ephemerida larvae; 29 Hyalella; 8

Chironomus larvae; 1 ostracod; several grains of sand.
62 mm. 1 Chironomus larva; 1 ephemerid larva; 3 caddis worms and

cases; 22 Hyalella; sand and debris.

66 mm. 12 Hyalella; 3 tricoptera larva; 1 tricopteron case.

69 mm. 12 Hyalella; 2 ephemerida larvae; 1 Chironomus larva; 1 tricop-

teron and case.
64 mm. 9 Hyalella; 1 tricopteron and case; several legs of a small insect.
62 mm. 24 Hyalella.

70 mm. 3 tricoptera and cases; 17 Hyalella; grains of sand and debris.
62 mm. 10 Hyalella; 4 cmm. of animal tissue.

62 mm. 11 Hyalella; 4 tricoptera larvae.

61 mm. 1 ephemerid; 17 Hyalella.

43 mm. 1 ephemerid larva; 15 Hyalella; grains of sand and debris.
70 mm. 31 Hyalella.

72 mm. 2 Chironomus larvae; 4 Hyalella.
Labidesthes sicculus Cope (skipjack).

67 mm. Empty.

Collection S3

July 16, 1921. Algae, Ceratophyllum, Potamogeton; sand and marl;
three feet; clear; extremely hot and clear; 10:30 a. m. ; seine.

Fishes ex.uniined in litis- collection

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

101 mm. 25 Chironomus larvae; 3 ostracods; mass of partially-digested
animal tissue; sand and debris.
75 mm. 6 Chironomus larvae; other contents digested beyond possibility

of identification.
61 mm. 1 small snail; 1 tricopteron case; 10 Chironomus larvae; 9

ostracods.
59 mm. 17 cladocera; 42 ostracods; 8 Chironomus larvae; 3 Physa; 1
Planorbis snail; 1 tricopteron and case.
Ill mm. 41 Chironomus larvae; 2 tricoptera larvae; 3 ephemeridae lar-
vae; 7 ostracods; 3 Chironomus larvae; 2 Hyalella; algae; sand; silt
and debris.

28 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

90 mm. 20 Chironomus larvae; 2 tricoptera larvae; 4 ostracods; plant

tissue; sand and debris.
79 mm. 8 Chironomus larvae; 4 ostracods; mass of plant tissue.
99 mm. 38 Chironomus larvae; 4 Chironomus pupa; 8 ostracods; 1

Physa; algae; debris and sand.

96 mm. 5 Chironomus larvae; 4 ostracods; 3 Planorbis; 2 tricoptera

larvae; Potamogeton plant tissue; sand and silt.
94 mm. 28 Chironomus larvae; 5 tricoptera larvae; mass of partially-
digested animal tissue; algae; sand and silt.

82 mm. 17 Chironomus larvae; 2 Ceratopogon; 1 Physa shell; a small

mass of half-digested plant and animal tissue; a few grains of sand

and debris.
69 mm. 9 Chironomus larvae; 3 ostracods; rest of contents consists of

algae, diatoms and small pieces of Potamogeton.
75 mm. 12 Chironomus larvae; stomach well filled with half-digested

masses of algae.
59 mm. 5 tricoptera and cases; 1 Chironomus larva; 3 ostracods; 1

Physa; 1 water mite; 3 odonata nymphs; 2 Ceratopogon; 2 Chiro-
nomus larvae heads; grains of sand and debris.
100 mm. 2 tricoptera larvae and cases; 23 Chironomus larvae; 2 fish

eggs; 7 ostracods; 1 Planorbis; small masses of half-digested algae

and animal tissue.
66 mm. 5 Chironomus larvae; 1 water mite; masses of partially-digested

animal tissue and debris.

65 mm. 8 ostracods; 4 Hyalella; 18 Chironomus larvae; 3 aquatic

oligochaetae; 10 tricoptera larva; algae and debris.

66 mm. 6 tricoptera; 9 ostracods; 15 Chironomus larvae; Volvox;

Zygnema; Oscillatoria ; debris.
79 mm. 6 ostracods; 3 Cyclops; 3 cladocera; mass of algae and debris;

stomach well filled.
Ill mm. 72 Chironomus larvae; 12 ostracods; 2 midge pupa; algae and

debris.
86 mm. 1 Spinitectus gracilus; 11 Chironomus larvae; 1 tricopteron

larva; 3 ostracods; 1 Physa; algae; sand and debris.
86 mm. 16 Chironomus larvae; 5 tricoptera larvae; 9 cladocera; 8

ostracods; 2 Physa; algae and debris.

97 mm. 25 Chironomus larvae; 3 ostracods; 1 Physa; 1 tricopteron larva

and case; 1 Planorbis; masses of pax-tially-digested animal tissue;

sand and debris.
90 mm. 19 Physa; 4 ephemerida larvae; 1 cladocera; 3 Planorbis; algae;

sand and debris.
64 mm. 3 Chironomus larvae; 2 ostracods; 1 caddis-fly larva and case;

partially-digested fragments of insect larvae.
50 mm. 6 Chironomus larvae; 1 ostracod; algae and debris.

83 mm. 6 caddis-fly larvae; 40 Chironomus larvae; 7 ostracods; sand

and debris.
90 mm. 1 odonatid nymph; 28 Chironomus larvae; partially-digested in-
sect tissue and debris.

DeRyke and Scott 29

57 mm. 1 Hyalella; 8 Chironomus larvae; 1 caddis-fly larva and case.
93 mm. 18 Chironomus larvae; 9 ostracods; mass of partially-digested

animal tissue; a mass of plant tissue; sand and debris.
77 mm. 45 Chironomus larvae; 17 cladocera; 5 Cyclops; 11 ostracods;

1 Physa; algae; sand and debris.
106 mm. 1 Planorbis; 37 Chironomus larvae; 1 Chironomus pupa; 8

Physa; 2 tricoptera larvae; 7 ostracods; 2 odonata nymphs; 1

Hyalella knickerbockeri ; debris.

92 mm. 7 ostracods; 15 Chironomus larvae; 2 Simulium larvae; algae;

partially-digested animal tissue; debris.

93 mm. 2 Physa: 10 Chironomus larvae; partially-digested insect larva;

algae and debris.

94 mm. 1 ephemerid larva; 22 Chironomus larvae; 8 ostracods; 1 Cy-

clops; 5 cladocera; 2 tricoptera larvae; 1 Physa; algae; sand and

debris.
98 mm. 3 Cyclops; 5 ostracods; 25 Chironomus larvae; 8 tricoptera

larvae; algae; silt and debris.
82 mm. 1 Cyclops; 23 Chironomus larvae; 1 snail; 1 Chironomus pupa;

algae; sand and debris.
97 mm. 1 Cyclops; 12 Chironomus larvae; 1 Simulium; 4 tricoptera

larvae; algae and sand.
Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).

311 mm. 1 tricopteron and case; about 7 cmm. of plant tissue (Ceratophyl-

lum) ; 3 Leuceruthrus micropteri; a few fish bones and scales.

61 mm. 1 fish 15 mm.; 2 cmm. fish flesh.
Etheostoma caprodes Raf. (log perch).

62 mm. 2 ephemerida larvae; 29 Hyalella.

Collection SU

July 21, 1921. Chara, algae, Potamogeton, rushes; marl; two feet;
clear; clear; 11:00 a. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined in this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).
139 mm. 1 fish 13 mm. long.

Plant tissue; fragment of insect.

Empty.

1 large odonatid nymph.

1 odonata larva.

2 ephemerida larvae; 1 Chironomus larva; 1 damsel-fly larva.
5 cladocerans; 1 Hyalella; 2 Chironomus larvae; 1 tricopteron

larva; 1 ephemerid larva; 4 ostracods.
1 large odonatid nymph.

5 Hyalella; 1 ostracod; 1 ephemerid nymph.
1 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 1 tricopteron larva; 2 Haliplus larvae.
1 Physa 1 mm. in diameter; small fragments of fish.

3 tricoptera larvae; 1 earthworm, 14 mm. long; 1 ephemerid

90

mm.

118

mm.

109

mm.

66

mm.

71

mm.

65

mm.

larva

84

mm.

40

mm.

67

mm.

48

mm.

64

mm.

larva

30 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

71 nun. Filled with partially-digested fish flesh.

71 mm. 25 Physa, average 1 mm. in diameter.

40 mm. 38 partially-digested cladocerans ; 7 Hyalella; 1 Chironomus

larva; 25 eladocera eggs; 1 may-fly larva.

80 mm. 1 ephemerid larva.

70 mm. Empty.

80 mm. 1 full grown odonatid larva; 3 fragments of a dragon-fly larva.

94 mm. 2 large odonata larvae.

66 mm. 26 Chironomus larvae; 3 ephemerida larvae; 2 Hyalella; 3

tricoptera larvae; 1 cladoceran.

72 mm. 12 Physa, average 2 mm. in diameter.
Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

72 mm. 4 tricoptera larvae.

64 mm. 1 cladoceran; 2 tricoptera larvae; 1 Physa; 1 Planorbis; plant
tissue.

59 mm. 2 ephemerida larvae; 2 Chironomus larvae; 1 Physa snail;

15 tricoptera larvae.
20 mm. 5 cladocerans; 1 ostracod.
Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).

43 mm. 6 Hyalella; 2 Chironomus larvae; 1 odonatid larva; 2 ephemerida

nymphs; 1 damsel-fly head; 1 may-fly head; several insect fragments.
43 mm. 1 ephemerida nymph; 4 ephemerida larvae; 3 cladocerans; 2

Hyalella knickerbockeri ; 3 Chironomus larvae.
35 mm. 2 ephemerida nymphs; 3 Chironomus larvae.

60 mm. 1 fish 30 mm. long; 1 Leuceruthrus micropteri.
60 mm. 1 fish 30 mm. long; 1 Leuceruthrus micropteri.

60 mm. 1 odonatid larvae; 1 dipteron; 1 dipteron larva; fragments of

insects.
47 mm. 1 ring perch 15 mm. long.
60 mm. 1 fish 20 mm. long; abdomen and leg of an insect; 2 Leuceruthrus

micropteri.
69 mm. 1 fish 30 mm. long; 1 fish 12 mm. long; a few small fragments

of fish flesh.

49 mm. 3 cmm. of fish flesh; 1 may-fly larva.

68 mm. Mass of fish flesh; 1 Leuceruthrus micropteri.

67 mm. 1 fish 13 mm. long; 1 large odonatid nymph; 2 Leuceruthrus

micropteri.
40 mm. 2 ephemerida nymphs.
39 mm. 2 odonata nymphs; 2 cladocerans.
58 mm. 2 Leuceruthrus micropteri; 2 Hyalella; 1 small piece of plant

stem; remainder consisted of fish flesh, stomach well filled.
45 mm. 1 plecopteron nymph; 3 odonata nymphs; 4 ephemerida nymphs;

2 Hyalella.

50 mm. 1 fish 18 mm. long.

45 mm. 1 ephemerid nymph; 1 Leuceruthrus micropteri.
56 mm. 1 ephemerid nymph.

52 mm. 1 fish 11 mm. long; 2 Leuceruthrus micropteri.
60 mm. 1 fish 21 mm. long; 1 odonatid nymph; Chara; 5 Leuceruthrus
micropteri.

DeRyke and Scott 31

57 mm. 1 fish 15 mm. long; 1 fish 10 mm. long.

52 mm. Stomach well filled with fish flesh.

48 mm. 3 odonata larvae; 2 Hyalella knickerbockeri.

50 mm. Stomach well filled with fragments of 3 may-fly larvae.

38 mm. 1 bluegill 14 mm. long; several small pieces of fish flesh.

56 mm. 1 bluegill 15 mm. long; about 5 cram, of fish flesh.

51 mm. 1 fish 15 mm. long; 1 ephemerid nymph; 2 very small pieces of

plant stem.

41 mm. 3 odonata larvae; 2 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 1 cladoceran; 2

ephemerida larvae.

66 mm. Well filled with fish flesh.

57 mm. 1 fish 30 mm. long; 3 Leuceruthrus micropteri.

39 mm. 1 odonatid nymph.
Etheostoma caprodes Raf. (log perch).

67 mm. 25 Hyalella; 1 tricopteron larva; abdomen of Haliplus beetle

larva.

78 mm. 2 odonata nymphs; 13 Hyalella; 2 Chironomus larvae.

70 mm. 4 Chironomus larvae; 1 Chironomus pupa; 1 Hyalella knicker-
bockeri.

42 mm. 1 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 3 cladocerans; 7 Chironomus larvae;

1 may-fly larva.
!)() mm. 7 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 1 ostracod; 2 tricoptera larvae; 1

Planorbis.
44 mm. 3 cladocera; 3 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 2 ephemerida larvae; 2

Physa.
46 mm. 4 ephemerida larvae; 4 Hyalella knickerbockeri; 1 ostracod; 1

tricopteron larva.
Eupomotis gibbosus Linnaeus (sunfish).

68 mm. 8 partially-digested snails.

Collection 35

July 27, 1921. Chara, rushes and Potamogeton ; marl; two feet; clear;
clear; hot; 3:00 p. m. ; seine.

Fishes examined hi this collection

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch).

145 mm. Fragments of a cray-fish; 11 Physa, average 2 mm. in diameter;

1 Chironomus larva; small pieces of plant tissue.
147 mm. 1 tricopteron larva; 1 cray-fish 25 mm. long.
121 mm. 9 Physa, average 3 mm. in diameter.
172 mm. 1 cray-fish 40 mm. long; 1 Chara bud.
103 mm. 4 Physa, diameter of each was 3 mm.

115 mm. 1 fish 10 mm. long; 11 Physa, average 2 mm. in diameter; 2
Chara buds.
87 mm. 1 cray-fish 30 mm. long.
Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill).

55 mm. 502 Chydorus and Pleuroxus striatus; 51 ostracods; 1 tricopteron
larva; a few algal filaments.

32

Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass).
54 mm. 1 Labidesthes sicculus 22 mm. long.
54 mm. 1 fish 15 mm. long; 3 Leuceruthrus micropteri.
53 mm. 2 Labidesthes sicculus 27 mm. long; 1 Labidesthes sicculus 25
mm. long; 2 Labidesthes sicculus 14 mm. long; 3 Leuceruthrus
micropteri.
Etheostoma caprodes Raf. (log perch).

85 mm. 8 Chironomus larvae; head of tricoptera larva; silt and debris.
73 mm. 3 tricoptera larvae; 5 Chironomus larvae; 18 cladocerans; 1

water mite.
76 mm. 88 Chydorus and Pleuroxus striatus; 5 ostracods; 8 Hyalella;

1 ephemerid nymph.
71 mm. 69 Chydorus and Pleuroxus striatus; 9 tricoptera larvae; 3
Chironomus pupae; 2 Chironomus larvae; 6 Hyalella.
102 mm. 11 tricoptera larvae; 3 Chironomus larvae; 5 cladocerans.
Eupomotis gibbosus Linn, (sunfish).

65 mm. 38 Hyalella; 6 ephemerida nymphs; 6 Chironomus larvae; 2
tricoptera larvae; sand, silt and debris.

The number of species examined during the three summers was seven-
teen, comprising a total of 575 specimens. In tables I, II, III, and IV the
fish are arranged in groups of ten mm. difference in length. The number
in the second column indicates the number of fish in the group and the num-
bers in the following columns are the sum of the various foods found in all
of the fishes in the group.

In tables V, VI, and VII the fishes are arranged separately in the order
of their length.

A number of parasitic nematoda and trematoda were found and are
recorded in these tables.

Perca flavescens Mitchill (Yellow perch). Table I.

Length of Fish
in mm.

—

CO

■■a

***

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3

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32
16
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2

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78

2
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(10- 69

6

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122

65

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70- 7!i

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'in 99 .
100-109

2
3

110-119

?

120 129

140-149
150-159

HIO-169

172. .

182

DeRyke and Scott

33

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (Bluegill). Table II.

Length of Fish
in mm.

J3
CO

Eh
HI

pO

g

3
Z

eh

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03

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a

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g
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03

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c3

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a

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CD

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a

c

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03
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£

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co

>i

a

CD

03
►

Eh

J3

is

[a

w

00

c
1.

a

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03

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+^
CD
CD
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C

>— 1

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03

Eh

>>

a

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M
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CD

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03

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03

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03

a
2

11- 19

4

4

3

15

16

13

10

14

24

6

21

8

2

3

15
295
116
240
480

482

_,._,,

325

8

15

51

5
5

"6
14

2

1

13
3

74
82

2
2
1
8
92
5

"5

6

1

1

35

50

1

24

21

50

17

24

20- 29. .

2

1

20

6

12

28

28

67

87

126

276

90

HI

33

20

1

11

30- 39...

1

3

6
9

5
300

14
4
4
4
4

35

17
4
3

16

40-49

9

22

20

8

15

48

4

7

4

2

1

11

8
3
10
6
7
1

6

57
6

18
316

1
25

50- 59

60- 69

1

70- 79

1

1

1

2

2

7

80- 89 . .

14

90- 99. .

3

100-109

1

1
3

3

2

4

46
83

6

110-119

4

2

120-129

2

130-139

140-149

306

1

1

1

1

24

4

Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (Large Mouth black bass). Table III.

Length of

Fi h

in mm.

J3

CO

ed

"8

Eh

CD

-Q

3

z

03

Eh
CD

"3
03

_03

O

a

IS
a

a
<

03

-3

a

CD

a

a

CO

■■a
>,

a

Eh
O

'a?

p3

a

a
>>

z

03

*Eh

CD

a

CD

"a

H

CD

c3

t>

Eh

Ji

CO

3

a

c

Eh

CD
03

a
3
a

CO

3

O

E

Eh

O

CD
03

>

Eh

h2

03
Eh
CD

HP

.&

Eh
CD

HP
O

03

a

3

a

03

Eh
CD
HP

a

'■B

Eh
CD

HP
O

CO

CD
C

03

HH

03

HP

03
C
O

c

CO

a

a
>>
z

03

43

03

S
O

O

CD

03
>

Eh
_C3

CD

03

'CD
CO

'hp

CD

>

CD
03

[a
3

w

03

Eh

CD

HP

a

CD

CD

s

03'
Eh
CD
HP

a

Eh
3

CD

z

03

HP

CD

CD
-
O
—

Z

c/5

(3
0>

bD

03
u

+3
O

CD
00
£

Eh
CD

"2
'a

CO

'S

03
<

03

c
c

03
O

p
03
3

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CO

3

"3

.2

'co

CO

CD

HP
CO

I2

13

03

h-1

CO

3

a

CO

a

CD
1-1

CO

-a

CD

eg

(3
CD

'3

CD

03

<

1

a
-0

CD

eg
c

CD

'3

03
-3
O

HP

C3

H

20- 29
30- 39
40- 49
50- 59
60- 69

4

37

33

32

12

1

3

8

4

50
477
212

2

127
49
16

20

193
66

5

"i

'50

82

5

3
18
20

10

15
11

20

1

30

?,

7
15

7
1
1
1

1

3

14

10

24
10

38

1

1

7

1
2

40

1

1

1

3

1

26

80

90- 99

4

4

8

33

100-110

9

74

300-400

1

3

!>

Etheostoma caprodes Cope (Log perch). Table IV.

Length of

Fish

in mm.

"co

ccS

"o

Eh
CD

a

3

z

03

Eh

CD
CD
O

-a

03

5

03

O

a

-3
a

a

<

03

-0

O
a

CD

a

O

03

O
O
03

Eh
HP
CO

O

CD

>

CO
3

a

=
p

CD

03
>

Eh

-53

03

Eh
CD
HP

a

*Eh

H

CD
C3
>

Eh

"a
3

3
a

CD
03
>

Eh

CO

3

a
>>

u

cd'
03

>

CD
03

[a
"3

a

03
>

Eh

_03

CO

3

Eh

CD

HP

a

Eh
3

CD

55

CO

a

a
>-.

c

cS

*Eh

CD

s

CD

a

CO

a

a
>>

c

03

H3

03

a

TJ

O

CO

HP

a

CD

So

03
Eh

ShH

HP

CD

CO

c

1— 1

03

•0

a

Eh

HP
CO

03

O

CO

'c
0.

Eh

T3

>>
HI

CO

M
bl
CD

J=
CO

CD
3
CO
CO

HP

HP

S
03

5

CO

*Eh

-a

CD

-a

-3
c

03

■3
C
03

02

03
TJ
O
hp
03

a

CD

z

28 49

5
4
20
14
5
3

117
3

17
183

"5

23

12

182

194

65

8

1

1

"i

6

"i

7
12
23
45
25

9

1

6

19

20

1

14

8

2

8

20

2

50 59

2

2

60 69

18
26

"l

9
4

70- 79

2

1

1

80- 89

"l

2

2

90 10 9

1

34

Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

Labidesthes sicculus Cope (Skipjack). Table V.

Length ol Fish
in mm.

o3

■—
a

U

-

t/3

IS
n.

3

-a

OS

en

a)
~*^
o

D

pa

C3

O
03

-e

a

o
c
o

f-l

O

d

en

X

C

£

bjj
C3

s-

c
a)

en
S3

(3

>

a

en
o3

o

a
1

C3
>

.2

en
3

a

c

6
0!

>

_o3

>>

C3

-

en

'5

S
DC

3
OS

.22

+3

c

Ph

53

+

+

56

58

1

1

62

6

+

62

+
+

62

450
1

l

65

3

3

3

66

+

67

68

70

71

5

1

l

74

n

75

75

10

76

+
+

76

77

80

+

82

84

+

"3

2

84

3

Eupomotis gibbosus L. (Sunfish). Table VI.

Length of Fish
in mm.

en

O
g.

13

O.

a

en

■a

u

03

t-
+3

en
O

en

C
CD

g

M
03
M

O
(B
en

c

a
>
_r:

en

3

a

c

u

IS

<B
>

en

3
Q
>>

a

c3

H

>

>>

en

■3

03
O

to

>
u

_£3

>>
<E
>>
03

•s

S3
>
u

_eS

a

c3

"3.

"eel

en

"5

c

03
M

+3
C

"ft

~G

'+3

c

03

IS

'S

en
'C
.O

-a
c

03

T3
C
03

X

en

c

3
O

25

3

'+'

8

25

3

49

li

+

'+'

1

55

7
11
3

1

+
+

56

1

4
1
1

64

1

65 . . .

+

+

65

38

2

6

68

8

711

77

+

+

1

82. . ..

+

+

Kill

2

2
I

27
25
40
35

+

109

3

»32

154

+

4

DeRyke and Scott

35

Table VII.

-43

O

-*>
;f
a

Zf

h-i

—
C

a

3

—

<

7.

4=
-
O

OJ
03

>
-

01

a

=
:
3
c

3
>

_3
>>

~

03

03
>

-

r.
—

"H.

~r.

W

-
-
>
u
_3

>.

—

-

_—
3
—
-

—

OJ

-
PQ

—
-

—

-3

ID

-a
3

L.

= 1
3

—
-

/.

c

—

?.

3

£

—

t-
TI

:,
'-£

03

3

<

—

in

—
/-
u

7-

=1
:<

—

03

:l

<

3
3

c.
—

-

4=

c
-

3
—

—
=

2

u

3

5

-
—

—

a

—

7

— ■
3
03

02

<S

:

03

S

Eh

Catostomus nigricans LeS. (Hog-molly)

80
85
90
108
118
142
153
153
159
184
187

4.",
50
52
55
74

49
50

110
113

95
252
272

86

95

110

129
131
136
162

:;c,\
:;7l

95

24

542

399

'2
3

1

ti
12

'.1

15
6

27
2

15
3

3

1

1
f

1

2

9

1

s

111

9

1

1

1
1

1

■f

+

+
+

+
+

+
+
+

1

2

20
3

1
1

+

14

+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+
+

+
+

Ambloplites rupestris Raf ( Rock bass)

Esox vermiculatus LeSueur (Grass pike)

Chaenobryttus gulossus Cuv. and Val.(Warmouth bass)

:;

Dorosoma cepedianum Le.S (Hickory shad)

Lepomis megalotis Raf. (Long eared sunfish)

Etheostoma nigrum Raf. (Johnny Darter)

Lepisosteus osseus L. (Long-nosed gar)

Essex lucius L (Pike)

DISCUSSION OF THE DATA

Of the fishes of Winona Lake, the yellow perch, the large mouth black
bass, and the bluegill, seem to be the most abundant. During the entire
period of investigation, examination was made of the following fishes:

Perca flavescens Mitchill (yellow perch) 173

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (bluegill) 144

Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (large mouth black bass) .133

Etheostoma caprodes Raf. (log perch) 52

Labidesthes sicculus Cope (skipjack) 22

Eupomotis gibbosus L. (sunfish) 14

86 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur (hog-molly) 11

Esox vermiculatus Le Sueur (grass pike) 4

Ambloplites rupestris Raf. (rock bass) 4

Pomoxis sparoides Raf. (black crappie) 4

Notropis Raf. (variable-toothed minnow) 5

Chaenobryttus gulosus Cuv. and Val. (Warmouth bass) . . 3

Dorosoma cepedianum Raf. (hickory shad) 2

Esox lucius L. (pike) 1

Etheostoma nigrum Raf. (Johnny darter) 1

Lepomis megalotis Raf. (long-eared sunfish) 1

Lepisosteus osseus L. (long-nosed gar) 1

Perca flavescens Mitchill (Yellow Perch) — Table I

The perch is a very active fish possessing marked agility and a well
developed habit of jumping above the surface of the water to secure adult
winged insects. It is usually found in water ranging from two to twenty feet
in depth, among water plants, chiefly rushes and Potamogeton. The younger
perch feed on Chironomus larvae, entomostracha and amphipods, all directly
dependent on plant life for food; while the principal food of the larger perch
consists of fish.

By examining Table I, it is very apparent that the food of the young
perch is decidedly different from that of the older perch. The major part
of the food of the young perch or the perch from 28 mm. in length up to
about 40 or 50 mm. consists chiefly of cladocerans, copepods, amphipods and
Chironomus larvae. From the 40 to 50 mm. period to the period of about
90 mm. in length they seem to be at the height of indiscriminate feeding,
the food consisting principally of cladocerans, amphipods, ostracods, Chirono-
mus larvae, caddis-fly larvae, Haliplus larvae, odonata larvae, may-fly larvae,
snails and a few fish. After reaching a length of about 90 mm. another
change takes place. They confine themselves to fewer and larger foods. The
chief items of the food are now fish and snails with a general eating of small
amounts of insect larvae and plant tissue.

These facts correspond very closely with the findings of S. A. Forbes
('80), who found the food of the perch up to one inch in length to consist
wholly of entomostraca, while the larger perch had taken a greater variety.
He sums up his findings as follows: "It will then be seen that the common
perch has a food history of three periods — the periods of infancy, youth and
old age. In the first it lives wholly on Entomostraca and the minutest larvae
of Diptera; in the second commencing when the fish is about an inch and a
half in length it takes up first the smaller and then the larger kinds of
aquatic insects in gradually increasing ratio, the entomostracan food at the
same time diminishing in importance; and in the third it appropriates, in
addition, mollusks, crawfishes and fishes — in the lake specimens depending
almost wholly on the last two elements."

Again in ('88), he has the following to say: "The food of six common
perch (perca lutea) from an inch to an inch and a quarter long, consisted
wholly of entomostraca ninety-two per cent, and minute larvae of chironomus.
Forty-three sunfishes (centrarchidae) from five-eighths of an inch to two
inches long, had made ninety-six per cent of their food of entomostraca and

DeRyke and Scott 37

the small larvae of gnats (chironomus) already mentioned, seventy per cent
of the first and twenty-six per cent of the second."

The chief foods of the perch during the summer months are fish,
chironomus larvae, snails, cladocera, amphipods, caddis-fly larvae, odonata
larvae, may-fly larvae, insects and plant tissue. The most favored food is
fish, sixty-five fish out of a total of one hundred sixty-two having eaten fish.
Chironomida larvae and snails appear to be next, thirty-four fish having
eaten snails, while forty were found to have taken chironomidae larvae. The
cladocera, amphipods, ostracods and copepods are mostly utilized by the
smaller fish, twenty-seven fish eating cladocera, twenty-seven eating amphi-
pods, five eating copepods and four eating ostracods. Twenty-three fish
had eaten caddis-fly larvae, seventeen may-fly larvae, thirteen beetle larvae,
twenty odonata larvae, twenty-six insects, twelve cray-fish and twenty-one
plant tissues. Eleven of the fish had empty stomachs.

The food of the perch in Winona Lake during the summer months seems
to differ materially from those of Douglas Lake, Michigan, as reported by
Jacob Reighard ('13). Reighard found that of nineteen perch examined
"eleven contained insects only, one contained insects together with a cray-
fish, three contained cray-fish only and four contained fish only. The rela-
tive importance of the three kinds of food is perhaps indicated by the fre-
quency of the occurrence of each, which is the ratio: insects 3, fish 1, cray-
fish 1."

Hankinson ('07), in his report on Walnut Lake, Michigan, in examining
the stomachs of thirty-two perch, found thirteen eating midges and eleven
eating cray-fish. Others had taken may-fly larvae in small quantities and
"a variety of other insects besides snails, leeches and entomostracans. The
few fry opened contained chiefly entomostracans among which were copepods
and ostracods."

The food of the perch of Winona Lake more nearly corresponded with
the food of the perches of the Wisconsin lakes as reported by A. S. Pearse
('18). However, as Pearse used volumetric percentages I am unable to
compare the foods as to the number of individuals eaten.

Lepomis pallidtis Mitchill (Bluegill) — Table II

The bluegill with its deep, short, thin shape and its small upturned mouth
is best adapted to wend its way among the water plants of quiet water
searching for entomostracans and larvae clinging to plants.

Here, too, we find the small fish depending upon the smaller animals
and plants for food. By inspection of Table II, it will be seen that the fish
from 11 mm. in length to about 40 or 45 mm. in length have eaten principally
entomostracans and chironomidae larvae. The entomostracans consist chiefly
of cladocera, copepods and a few ostracods. Those larger than 40 or 45 mm.
in length have taken larger food and a greater variety. These depend chiefly
on entomostracans, chironomidae larvae, caddis-fly larvae, adult insects, snails,
algae and higher plants. The vegetation when found in adult stomachs was
usually in masses and quite compact, distending the stomach to its capacity.
This was also found by S. A. Forbes ('88), who writes "Certain of the sun-
fishes evidently take plant food purposely, on occasion, this making, for ex-
ample, nearly a tenth of the food of forty-seven specimens of Lepomis."

38 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

The food found for this species compares very favorably with that found
by S. A. Forbes ('80), who, in examining specimens of Lepomis pallidus
Mitchill, found that those measuring three-quarters to one inch contained
fifty-seven per cent entomostraca, thirty-seven per cent chironomus larvae and
six per cent water spiders and amphipods. For those measuring two to three
inches he found the food to consist of eight per cent neuroptera and eighty-
one per cent Chironomus larvae and entomostraca. For the adult he found
the food to be neuropterus insects, caddis-fly larvae, dragon-fly larvae, vegeta-
tion, mollusks, a small fish, Planorbis, Physa, Amnicola and Vivipara.

Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (Large Mouth- Black Bass) — Table III

The large mouth black bass is a very abundant fish in Winona Lake.
The small bass keep very close in shore and may be taken at almost any
location around the lake where there is a protected spot and vegetation of
any kind. The larger bass are found farther out, lying at the edge of
dense growths of Potamogeton and spatterdock.

By examining Table III, two changes in the kind of the food used may
be seen to occur. Small bass measuring from 24 mm. to a length near 38
or 40 mm. were found to feed mostly on small crustaceans, chiefly amphipods
and cladocerans, ephemerida larvae and pupae and Chironomus larvae. Six
had eaten a small amount of fish and three had taken a small amount of
algae. With an increase in size, the bass utilizes a larger number of foods
until a length of approximately 50 mm. is reached, when the variety decidedly
decreases and we find the fish depending principally on the small fish of the
lake for food supply. From approximately 39 or 40 mm. lengths to about
50 mm. lengths, the principal foods are still small crustaceae, ephemerida
larvae and pupae, and Chironomus larvae with an increase in the number
eating fish and insects. Of the 62 bass measuring more than 48 mm. in
length we find that 47 of them had taken fish as the chief food. Also, of
the 62 examined, only two of them had taken small crustaceae and very few
had eaten insects or insect larvae. The bass ate about the same food through-
out the entire summer.

Incidentally we may note the inroads of the parasitic trematodes upon
the bass. Of the 133 black bass examined 32 were infected by the trematode,
Leuceruthrus micropteri or about 25 per cent of the entire number.

The food of the large mouth black bass of Winona Lake corresponds
very closely with the food found in the stomachs of black bass examined by
S. A. Forbes ('80). Forbes found the food of the young to consist chiefly
of entomostraca, principally cladocera, minute fishes and insects. In the
adult he found a total disappearance of entomostraca, and an accidental oc-
currence of insects. The main food was fishes, 86 per cent, with 7 per cent
cray-fish.

Comparing the food of the bass found at Winona Lake during the summer
months with that found by Hankinson ('07), at Walnut Lake from April
1 1 to June 10, we find a great difference. Hankinson found on examination
of 24 large mouth black bass, all ate cray-fish, 5 ate fish, 1 ate 350 midge
larvae and pupae besides Sialis and damsel-fly larvae, cray-fish apparently
being the most important food. This difference may be due to the different
seasons during which the examinations were made or due to different environ-
ments.

DeRyke and Scott ,°>9

Etheostoma ca<pn~odes Raf. (Log Perch) — 'fable IV

Etheostoma caprodes is apparently one of the most regular feeders of
all the species examined. There seems to be little or no change in the food
used as the fish increases in size. The chief foods used are small Crustacea,
principally amphipods and cladocera, Chironomus larvae, tricoptera larvae,
ephimerida larvae and small snails.

Forbes ('88), after investigating foods of Etheostoma and Phenacobius
found Chironomus larvae, Corethra larvae and allied genera of remarkable
importance, making, in fact, nearly one-tenth of the food of all fishes studied
and most abundant in these species. While I can not say as to the exact per-
centage of Chironomus it is true that this is one of the chief foods of
Etheostoma caprodes.

Labidesthes siccvlus Cope (Skipjack) — Table V

Twenty-two Labidesthes siccrlus (skipjack) were examined during the
three summers. Of these, six wore found to contain nothing, while the other
sixteen contained chiefly insects and insect fragments. The majority of
these were taken in shallow water and usually in places free from heavy
vegetation. They seem to feed near the top of the water, jumping up to
get any winged insect which comes near the surface. This statement is borne
out by the fact that one specimen had taken a wasp, three had taken aphids
and eight had taken insects unidentified. Forbes ('83), referring to the
food of twenty-five specimens dissected, says: "Spiders and terrestrial in-
sects, accidentally washed or fallen into the water (the latter including
chalcididae, various diptera, plant lice, lettigonidae, thrips and Podura)
amounted to twelve per cent of the food."

Eupomotis gibbosus L. (Sunfish) — Table VI

Examination of the fourteen specimens of Eupomotis gobbosus showed
the principal food to consist of snails, Chironomus larvae and insects. Of
the fourteen examined, one was found empty while nine of the remaining
thirteen had eaten snails, seven had eaten Chironomus larvae and five con-
tained insect fragments. The amount of snails eaten greatly exceeds any
other food taken.

The food of this particular fish in Winona Lake seems to differ con-
siderably from the food ascertained for the same species in Walnut Lake,
Michigan, by Hankinson ('07). Hankinson found the chief food to be may-
fly larvae, but also found cray-fishes, amphipods, snails, leeches, midge larvae
in small quantities and caddis-worms.

The type of food taken by this fish indicates the habitat in which it was
taken, comparatively deep water, among the Potamogeton, eel grass and
Myriophyllum. Since this fish seems to depend for food principally upon
snails, it may be that this fact limits its numbers in the lake. There seems
to be very few Eupomotis gibbosus compared with perch, bluegills and bass.

Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur (Hog-molly) — Table VII

Catostomus nigricans (hog-molly) is usually found on mud bottom. The
downturned mouth and the fact that the fish usually lies near the bottom
would indicate the food to be found on or near the bottom. This fact is borne
out in the data collected from eleven specimens. Two of these were empty,

40

Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

while seven out of the nine contained Chironomus larvae, three had eaten
aquatic oligochactae, three had taken ephemerida larvae and six contained
silt, sand and debris.

The ten other species in Table VII are not sufficient in number to arrive
at a definite conclusion as to the foods utilized by the species.

The food of the five specimens of Notropis consists of insects, insect
fragments and one had eaten fish eggs.

Ambloplites rupestris (rock bass) fed on plant tissue, insects, Chironomus
larvae and one had eaten a snail.

Of the three specimens of Esox vermiculatus (grass pike) one was empty
except for a parasitic trematode; one had eaten a cray-fish and one fish eggs.

Of the Chaenobryttus gulossus (Warmouth bass) one was empty, one had
taken plant tissue and one had taken an ephemerid larva and a fish.

Pomoxis sparoides (black crappie) used as food chiefly insects and tricop-
tera larvae.

The two specimens of Dorosoma cepedianum (hickory shad) were taken at
the outlet of the lake and both stomachs were completely filled with blue mud.

One Lepomis megalotis (long-eared sunfish) had sand, silt and debris,
Chironomus larvae, one snail, one haliplidae larvae and one tricoptera larvae.

One gar pike had two snails.

SOME ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Influence of advance of season on the food of fish.

In order to determine the changes taking place in the kinds of foods
eaten at different periods during the summer, the following tables have been
arranged showing the per cent of fish eating a particular food during each
of the three months, June, July and August.

Perca Havescens

Mitchill (Yellow perch)— Table VIII.

CD

a
>

03

o
>

o

03

+3

o

CD
03

I

03

CO

-a

co

3

_£3
>>

ej
>

03

6

03
!>

>

u

_C3

)—* co

o

_o

03

o
a

CD

a
o

T5

O

a.

£

c3
u

O

a
o

2

03

>>

EC

ea

o
-*»
CD
0J

03

03
C
O

03 fi

o g

fflr,

CD&H

'w

j.

c

03

U

U

O

<

u

u

u

'A

ffl

<

i — i

M

£

Ph

June

.10
.17
.48

.15
.10
.26

.03
.17
.04

.19
.17
.61

.12
.17
.17

.10
.07

.17

.10
.03

.09

.10
.21

.17

.13

.28
.13

.18

.28
.17

.52
.10
.04

10

July

.03
.13

04

■>\

August

IT

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (Bluegill)— Table IX.

CD
03

03
>

CD

03
>

CD

CO

c

en

>

u

03

CO

—

03

oj
03

>

l " H CO

CO

03

ID

O

-a

03

CO

-3
O

c.

CD

a

CO

13
O

o

03
4*

O

—

a.

6

03
42

03
C
O

-a

a

o

B
O

IS

>>
«
CO

•3

03

_2
>>
>>

03

U

s

CD

CD
CD

coPh

CD

C6

CO

CO

*-

c

03

U

U

o

<

<

u

u

s

«

h- 1

ss

X

Cl,

June

.48

.211
.15

.06

.12

.29
34
.15

.26
.10
.15

.03

.05
.23

.39

.62
.62

.13
.29
.31

.03
.03
.31

.16
.02

.29

.42
.31

.23
.11
.15

.19
.28
.31

'?

July

4'i

August

45

DeRyke and Scott

41

Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (Large mouth black bass) — Table X.

a>

9

-p

>

o

c3

CD

c3

03

>

CO

c3

co
"3

CO

-a
o

jd

3
S

03

and
nent

o
o

O

o,

CD

Q.

1H

a.
g

Ed

o

i-

ed
>>

03

a

1!

CO

to

O

O

<:

o

o

S

O

h- 1

s

PM

June

.14

.03

.19

.11

.30

.24

.08

.57

.11

.13

.07

.33

.03

.13

.21

.01

.09

.47

.08

August

.10

.05

.30

.05

.25

.10

.10

.10

.55

Etheostoma caprodes Linn. (Log perch) — Table XI.

CD

a

CD

O

cj

0>

03

>

CD

CO

cj

>

I— t f.

c3

CD

Cfl

T3
O

a

3
S

>>

*

-3 C

e cd

o

-73

o

+3

3D

o

a,

e

C
O

I-

o

•3

o

SB

>>

cow
c
t— 1

CO

'5

c
-Jl

03

s

June

.26

.11

.56

.52

.19

.15

.37

.11

July

.19

.10

.81

.38

.52

.38

.05

.05

.75

.50

.25

.25

.50

.25

The perch show a decided tendency to feed more generally on foods other
than fish flesh, as those foods become more abundant with the advance of
the season. Whether this condition is clue to the fact that they become
selective in their feeding or whether the increase is due to the fact that
those foods are easier to obtain at that particular time I can not say. Never-
theless, we find a decided drop in the per cent of perch eating fish during
the months of July and August and an increase in the per cent of fish eating
the other abundant foods.

The bluegill shows a considerable decrease in the per cent eating
crustaceans during the months of July and August. This fish also shows an
increase in the number eating insects and insect larvae. This is probably
due to the fact that these foods become more abundant.

The percentage of bass eating fish, their chief food, remains about the
same throughout the three months. They show a slight decrease in the
number eating cladocera, ephemerida larvae, odonata larvae and plants, and
an increase in the number eating amphipods, cray-fish, Chironomus larvae
and insects.

In Etheostoma we find a decrease in the number using Entomostraca
and snails and an increase in the use of amphipods, insects, insect larvae
and plants.

In general we may say that the per cent of the four species eating in-
sects, insect larvae and plants, increases as the season advances and these
foods become more abundant. With the exception of the bluegill there is also
a general increase in the per cent eating amphipods and cray-fish. All have
shown a decrease in the use of entomostraca except the perch; it showing
an increase in the use of this food.

42

Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION ON FOODS UTILIZED

The following tables have been arranged to show the per cent of fish
eating a particular food when living in adverse vegetational environments.
Groups were made of fish living in an environment where there was no
vegetation or very scant vegetation, and where there was a heavy vegetation.

Perca flavescens Mitchill (Yellow perch) — Table XII.

6
03
>

u

03

oJ
03
>

oi

o>
03

03

o>

m

05

3

>

03

>

03

~r

o3
u
01

cj
o
*a

03

03

o
ft
a

ft

o

CO

o

O

c3
u

03

O

ft

13
ft

£

3
03

«3
>>

a
Eh

£

5
c
o

E-

13

>>
EC
03

"hJ

-o

03

_c3

CJ3
03

Eh

o

+H

OJ
OJ

03

03
B
O

■a

C OJ

s £

cj g
aim

05

'ol

05

05

c

03

o

U

O

<

U

U

U

g

pq

O

HH

OS

pH

Ph

Scant vegetation

Ififi

fififi

IfiR

1RR

333

Ififi

333

500

Ififi

Heavy vegetation

155

.023

.017

.137

.053

.245

.125

.095

.071

.125

.131

.203

.033

131

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (Bluegill)— Table XIII.

o>

03
>

05

03

oi

cj

>

oj

03

05

05

3

~

03
>

05
03
>

>

Eh

03

CO

oi

QQ
T3

O

o

n

o

X

03

Eh

c cj

oi
cj
o

-a

03

T3
O
o

o
a

3
ft

a

S
O

e
o

Eh
3

05

■3
■n

03

>>

>>

o3

o>

OJ
0)

03
03

a

o

-0

03 g
™ of

Mm

05
0>

05

'oi

05

a

03

U

U

o

<

U

u

§

m

O

M

s

CO

Ph

Scant vegetation

.555

.222

.555

.555

111

.in

111

.111

222

111

.111

Heavy vegetation

237

.103

.313

.111

.570

.270

.050

.044

.059

.450

.133

.270

.4RR

Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (Large mouth black bass) — Table XIV.

OJ

03

>
E-
03

05

05

03

C3

>

*

05

05
3

Eh

u

03
Eh
CJ
CJ

o

T3

o3

05

o
a

05

a.
o

o
a

13
£

05

>>

03

Eh

B

o

C
O
M

_C3
>>

tc

>>

03

03
H-a

03
C

osg

CJ g
Or,

com

05

c

03

05

o

O

««!

o

o

"

O

w

Ph

s

Scant vegetation

.019

.480

.019

.153

.287

.07R

.057

.404

Heavy vegetation

.212

.087

.1R2

.025

.137

.175

.150

.100

.087

.587

Etheostoma caprodes Raf. (Log perch) — Table XV.

05

03

H*
Eh

_03

OJ
03
>

oj

03

05

3

Eh

~ c

03
Eh

OJ

en

T3
o
ft

£
o

>>

CC

_c3

03 p

CJ

o

-3
S3

a

CO

a

£

a

o

H

13

03

CC

>>

03

" of
& m

DO

05

+H

c

03

O

o

<)

O

o

§

hH

CO

Ph

Scant vegetation

.055

.055

.888

.388

.440

.388

.055

.055

Heavy vegetation

.294

.117

.588

.500

.230

.176

.058

.294

.117

DeRyke and Scott

43

Labidesthes sicculis Cope. (Skipjack) — Table XVI.

oi

03

>

OJ

fc.

cS

_c;

>

-3c

d

en

_cj

E

cj
o

>>

«

o a

QQ

03

08

03

>>
C3

V. w

o3

C
03

o

O

§

c

CC

CU

Scant vegetation

.085

.500

085

Heavy vegetation

.163

.163

.085

.330

.085

085

The foregoing tables indicate at a glance that the greatest variety of
food has been taken in the region of the heavy vegetation. We find general
gains in heavy vegetation in the use of entomostraca, snails, and plant tissue.
There has been a loss in the per cent using beetle larvae and may-fly larvae,
while the per cent using the other insect larvae remains about the same in
both scant vegetation and heavy vegetation. The use of insects remains
about the same in both. A decided decrease in the use of amphipods and
cray-fish has occurred among the fish in heavy vegetation.

It is interesting to note that the gains made in the use of particular foods
are all gains in use of food which is dependent upon the plants for their
food. This suggests that the fish are not extremely selective in food habits
but avail themselves of the food present at a particular time in their en-
vironment. In this respect we may note that the bluegills when feeding among
scant vegetation have the per cent using mites (an undesirable food) about
doubled.

Labidesthes sicculus (skipjack) also shows remarkable corroboration of
this statement. Among the scant vegetation not one has taken insect larvae
or snails, but the percentage of those eating these foods among the heavy
vegetation is rather high. However, they do show a degree of selection in
foods where an abundant supply of many kinds exist. They seem to choose
foods suitable to their needs from the foods present. As an example of this
we find where there are perch and common sunfish in the same environment,
the sunfish live almost wholly on snails while the perch depend upon other
available foods. The selective food habits of the perch have been ably dis-
cussed by Pearse and Achtenbery ('17 and '18).

INFLUENCE OF BOTTOM ON FOODS UTILIZED

The following- tables have been arranged to show the per cent of fish
eating a particular food on a sand or marl bottom as compared with the
per cent of fish eating the same food on a mud bottom.

Perca flavescens Mitchill. (Yellow perch) — Table XVII.

SO

6

CO

>

_c3
a>

3

CO
03

>

J5

C3
>

— —

6

03
>

CD
03
>

03

03

o
o
o

03

03

o
o.

a,
o

O
o
o3

03

o
.&

c.

£

J3

GQ

>>

03

e

c
o
u

2

>>

CC

■a

C3

>>

SB
>.

03

s ®

tfiPn
c

GO

'5

03
+3
C

03

Fh

_f3

Ji
a>

CO

03

03

C

o

T3

u

U

O

<

u

U

U

fei

E

-ji

P4

«

O

Sand and Marl

17fl

.026

.012
045

.132
.318

.046
.136

.205
.500

.112

.272

.079
.227

.132
.227

.430
.190

.178
.318

.112
.272

.052

.272

112

Mud

045

181

44

Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

Lepomis pallidus Mitchill (Bluegill).— Table XVIII.

CD

03

>

CD
C3

cu

ci

>

o

03

03

CD

CO

CO

■3

>

u

03

>

■*r

a
<±>
o
o3

CO
T3

o
a

cd

&

CO

O
o

ci
u

43
CO

o

.&

a

a

S

c

o
u

2

5C

co

-a

o3

>>

SB
>>

03

03
+s
03
C
O

-a

CD

CD

CD

g *

53 a

com

03

CD

4^>

GO

to

43

§

U

O

o

<

U

u

%

o

pq

)— f

s

GO

Ph

Sand and Marl

333

140

4?n

150

650

260

050

040

030

250

150

^60

390

Mud

nqn

068

.113

.386

.250

.068

.113

.090

.oils

.113

.204

568

Micropterus salmoides Lacepede (Large mouth black bass). — Table XIX.

CD

a

>

CD

o3

CD

03

1 — '

c3

>

■

CO

CO

3

FH

03

~c

c3

Id

03

t-t

CD
CD
O
T3
03

-3
O

a

CD

O,

o

O

a

s

-s

CO

«

>>

03

O

S
O

>>

cd
>,

03

03

03
C
O

T3

cota

CO

c

03

O

O

<

o

o

§

O

h- 1

&H

Ph

Sand and Marl

.144

.051

.322

.008

.152

.245

.101

.076

.487

.076

Mud

.066

.066

.133

.066

.200

.733

.066

Ltheostoma caprodes Raf. (Log perch) — Table XX.

CD

o3

CD
03

03

>

CD

CO

CO
3

03

U

CO

-2-S

03

CO

O

03

u

CD

T3

o
a

G
O

CE

^^

03 g

O

-a

03

a

a
(-.

43

CO

S

c

2

-3

-a

c3

>>

CC
>>
C3

a s

Or,

CO

"c3

43

1

O

o

<!

o

u

§

HH

02

Ph

Sand and Marl

.234

. 107

.659

.423

.340

.276

.021

.212

.085

Mud

■1.000

.800

.200

.400

200

A small per cent of perch on the mud bottom have taken cladocera, cope-
pods and fish as compared with those on a sand bottom.

The per cent of fish eating- all other foods is greater on the mud bottom
than on the sand bottom.

A larger per cent of the bluegills were found to have eaten ephemerida
larvae, odonata larvae, beetle larvae, insects and plants on a mud bottom than
on a sand bottom. A smaller per cent used all other foods on a sand bottom
than on a mud bottom.

The per cent of bass eating copepods, cray-fish, insects and fish was
greater on a mud bottom than on sand bottom. The general use of the other
foods showed a decrease.

Etheostoma caprodes (log perch) showed a greater general use of
amphipods, Chironomus larvae, insects and plant tissue on a mud bottom and
a decrease of the use of all other foods on sand bottom. Generally we may
say a smaller per cent of the fish used entomostraca as food on a sand bottom

DeRyke and Scott 45

than on a mud bottom; the use of insect larvae was about the same in both
environments and the per cent using amphipods, cray-fish, insects, snails and
plants as food was greater on a mud bottom than on a sand bottom.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

From the data collected during this period of investigation it is very
evident that the foods of young fishes as a rule are widely different from
the foods of the adult. It is not only different in the extremes between youth
and adult, but very marked periods in growth may be correlated with very
definite changes in food. In some species, as the perch and bass, there are
three very noticeable food periods.

In the bluegills there are two such periods, while in the Etheostoma
caprodes (log perch), Labidesthes sicculus (skipjack) and Eupomotis gibbosus
(sunfish) we find a rather steady food habit of few changes.

This fact of the relation of food to the age of the fish was pointed out
as early as 1880 by S. A. Forbes. The following extract from one of his
papei*s states very clearly his views on this point: "It was early apparent
in the course of investigation that the food of many fishes differs greatly ac-
cording to age, and it was soon found that the life of most of our fishes
divides into at least two periods, and of many into three, with respect to the
kinds of food chiefly taken. Further, in the first of these periods, a re-
markable similarity of food was noticed among species and families whose
later food habits were widely different."

Many attempts have been made to provide artificial food for fishes.
This seems to have been a great outstanding problem which demanded solution
before the success of the fish culturalists could be assured. The American
Fisheries Society has spent much time and money on the problem trying to
solve it for economical purposes. Many investigators have worked on the
problem attacking it rather from the point of "what fishes will eat" than
from that of "what fish do eat." Many foods such as liver and prepared foods
have been tried regardless of the kind or size of fish to be fed, and failure
has resulted. This was experienced by Dwight Lydell ('06) at Mill Creek
Station, who attempted to feed a Chicago fish food preparation, and by several
others who have used liver and other foods in many different ways.

Many successful attempts to feed fish have also been made but in prac-
tically every case the food that has been provided has been that to which
the fish was naturally accustomed. Mather ('96) was successful in raising
entomostraca for young fish, his only difficulty being to provide enough as
they used an enormous amount of this food. Large mouth black bass were
fed by O'Brien ('98) who used carp fry for the young bass and whose chief
difficulty seemed to be the rapid growth of the carp. Lydell ('02) used
Daphnia, Bosmina and Corixa and other small aquatic forms as food for
bass fry. Liver was fed to the adults during the summer, but "in order to
bring the fish through the winter in good condition it is necessary to begin
feeding minnows in September and to continue this until the fish go into
winter quarters." (1) In 1911 he successfully fed sucker meat, cray-fish and
clam meat.

One of the chief factors entering into the problem is apparently the
difficulty of providing a balanced pond so that all the fish, old and young,

46 Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

may have an adequate supply of food. The natural environment and the
food fish naturally eat should furnish an index to the requirements to be met.
Many studies have been made in regard to natural environment. Birge ('97)
gives us a clue as to the environment of some of the fish foods, especially
the foods of young fish. Quoting from his paper, "The bottom of the warm
water forms the lower limit of the plankton life and this life closely follows
that limit as the warm water gradually increases in thickness during the
summer and early autumn — in late August and September."

Parker ('01) believes the scarcity of fish, now where once they were
plentiful, is due largely to lowering of water line so that plants are killed.
He advocates sowing seeds and producing plants on which the fish food may
live.

Bartlett ('08) points out that "not enough care is used by those making
the attempt to cultivate bass in small ponds to get a proper balance in the
ponds in the way of good producing facilities."

It is evident that the environment is a great factor in determining the
food of fishes. The fish may or may not be able to subsist on the food fur-
nished by the environment because they must have a variety of foods suitable
to the different periods of the fish's development.

In conclusion, I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Will Scott who has
aided me in many ways with advice and suggestions. I also wish to express
my appreciation to Mr. Ira T. Wilson for identifying the snails and to Mr.
Lowell T. Coggeshall and Mr. John E. Owen who so very kindly assisted me
in making the collections.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barret, W. W. Fish culture in North Dakota. Trans. Am. Fish. Society,

pp. 62-64, 1899.
Birge, E. A. Vertical distribution of the lower plants and animals in inland

lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Society, pp. 25-44, 1897.
Bower, Seymour. The propagation of small mouth black bass. Trans. Am.

Fish. Society, pp. 127-136, 1896.
Bartlett, S. P. Value of carp as furnishing food for black bass. Trans. Am.

Fish. Society, pp. 85-91, 1918.
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DeRyke and Scott 47

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48

Food of Fishes of Winona Lake

4 HO/VT V 6

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4 U6-AK (»fff

MAP OF WINONA LAKE, INDIANA

The inner line indicates the five meter depth.

The numbers indicate the points at which the respective collections
were made.

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